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This report deals with public sector research. It provides a comprehensive review of the challenges that call for changes in the governance of OECD countries’ science systems. It highlights emerging policy responses developed in these countries indicating better practices to deal with the challenges, and draws policy lessons that can inspire the reform process. Supporting chapters provide detailed descriptions and analyses of the structures of science systems, the procedures for priority setting, the changes to funding, and the management of human resources in R&D.

This publication provides comprehensive data on the volume, origin and types of aid and other resource flows to over 180 recipient countries, including countries in transition in eastern Europe. The data show each country's intake of Official Development Assistance or Official Aid, as well as other official and private funds from Members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the OECD, multilateral agencies and other donors. Key development indicators are given for reference.

This document was developed to serve as guidance for information requirements for the regulation of Invertebrates as Biological Control Agents (IBCAs) within OECD countries. It incorporates information requirements from a number of OECD countries for the regulation of IBCAs, including insects, mites and nematodes. In developing this regulatory approach for IBCAs, the inherent differences between these products and chemical plant protection products were taken into consideration. IBCAs are usually more target pest specific than chemical plant protection products, and generally pose lower risks to human health and the environment. IBCAs have been used successfully for many years in many OECD countries without significant harm to plants or native arthropod species. To facilitate the use of biological control agents in some of these countries, documentation on lists of IBCAs that have been used for many years (5 or more) without undesirable side-effects has been prepared and updated by government agencies.

The main objective of national energy policies in OECD countries is to ensure the availability of secure and economic supplies with minimal environmental impact. This publication addresses the roles and responsibilities of governments in the field of nuclear energy, within the context of broad national policy goals, and reviews the tools available to achieve those goals.

Global knowledge flows are becoming a key driver of economic development.  How can countries develop effective policies to reap benefits? This report aims to answer this question and highlights these key areas: promoting cross-border alliances involving firms and universities; simulating knowledge transfers from foreign direct investment ventures; attracting highly-skilled workers from overseas and creating vibrant innovation systems.  This book, published in collaboration with Scottish Enterprise, is for policy makers, practitioners and academics.

This Guidance Document is addressed to those who are involved in risk assessment and management of chemicals called POPs (persistent organic pollutants) or PBTs (persistent and bio-accumulating toxics). It is about using multimedia models, i.e. generic evaluative models that can calculate overall environmental persistence (Pov) and potential for long-range transport (LTRP) covering multiple compartments such as air, water, sediment and soil: what models you can use to identify and characterize POPs/PBTs, what data to use, and how to use model calculations.

This guidance document has been prepared to support technical aspects of the OECD skin absorption test guidelines. In particular is discusses the various aspects of in vivo vs. in vitro testing.

This document contains guidance for using the summary exposure information reporting formats, which were developed by the OECD Ad Hoc Group on Reporting Summary Exposure Information. The objective of the work of this Ad Hoc Group is to develop flexible formats and guidance for the reporting of summary exposure information (quantitative and qualitative), which can be used in various chemical assessment programs.
 

This document is intended to provide guidance on strategies and methods for testing of chemicals for potential neurotoxicity. The primary objective of this guidance is to ensure that necessary and sufficient data are obtained to enable adequate evaluation of the risk of neurotoxicity arising from exposure to a chemical. The document constitutes an essential supplement to those existing OECD Test Guidelines (Appendix 1) that can be used to obtain information on the potential neurotoxicity of chemicals. Specific OECD Test Guidelines include those for single dose toxicity (e.g. OECD 402, 403, 420, 423 and 425), repeated dose toxicity (e.g. OECD 407 and 408), as well as Test Guidelines specifically developed for the study of neurotoxicity in adult and young laboratory animals [OECD Test Guideline for Neurotoxicity (424), and OECD Test Guidelines (418 and 419) for Delayed Neurotoxicity of Organophosphorus Substances and OECD Test Guideline for Developmental Neurotoxicity (426), OECD Test Guideline for Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test(422)]. Studies conducted under other OECD Guidelines for systemic toxicity testing could also provide relevant information.

This annual publication provides comprehensive data on the volume, origin and types of foreign aid and other resource flows to over 180 recipient countries, including countries in transition in eastern Europe. The data show each country's intake of Official Development Assistance or Official Aid, as well as other official and private funds from Members of the Development Assistance Committee of the OECD, multilateral agencies and other donors. Key development indicators for each receiving country are given for reference.  All figures are shown in US dollars.

This conference proceedings brings together the latest knowledge on political and technical progress in geological repositories for radioactive waste.  It presents perspectives from a variety of countries and stakeholders, examines international instruments being used to facilitate the implementation of geological repositories, and assesses scientific progress and pending technical issues.

At its meeting in May 2003, the Ministerial Council asked the OECD to analyse the contribution made by the services sector to employment growth, productivity and innovation, and to identify factors, institutions and policies that could enhance the growth prospects of this sector. In response to this request, the OECD launched a cross-Directorate study. This report draws the main policy conclusions from the project. It complements the OECD report on Trade and Structural Adjustment, which provides policy directions on how OECD countries can adjust to international trade. Together, these reports present a concrete policy agenda on how to strengthen growth performance and address globalisation, structural change and the shift to services.

Stimulating innovation is key for achieving sustainable economic growth. Recently, however, prevailing practices and institutions of innovation governance have come under pressure. This publication examines the sources of these pressures, and provides lessons on how governments can adapt their governance practices to achieve better coherence and co-ordination of policies to promote innovation. The changes under way point to the emergence of a "third generation" of innovation policy: a broadly based, strategic policy area, crossing traditional ministerial boundaries.

The purpose of this document is to provide guidance on issues related to the validation of new or updated test methods consistent with current approaches. This document provides a synopsis of the current state of test method validation, in what is a rapidly changing and evolving area. Guidance on the more general aspects of OECD Test Guideline development is provided in the OECD Guidance Document for the development of OECD Test Guidelines for the testing of chemicals. While the principles of validation as described in this document were written for biology-based tests, they may be applicable to other Test Methods.

While China's economy has shown impressive dynamism following the increased reliance on market-based policies, the governance structures themselves will have to be reformed deeply for this growth to be sustainable. This report examines the many challenges of governance which China is facing.  In addition to the well-known problems related to the lack of openness in government and intellectual property rights, this book also looks at the delivery of public services, management of state assets, regulatory management, e-government, taxation and public expenditure, fighting corruption, and producing reliable information. Selected policy areas where the insufficient governance reforms have an impact on the policies themselves -- like the financial sector, agriculture, environmental protection, labour market and social protection, education, and competition -- are also discussed.