This chapter describes policy initiatives of India’s Department of Biotechnology for adapting and commercialising biotechnologies to provide affordable quality solutions for local needs in health care, agriculture, industry and the environment. In selected policy areas, India’s promotion of global consortia involving local and foreign firms, universities and public research entities supported by domestic public/private partnerships, appears to have been critical in spurring learning, including about structured research protocols that lead to commercial products. The chapter argues that governments and firms need to better learn from evolving local experience through more rigorous performance measurement. This includes the more systematic incorporation of lessons from impact evaluation in project and programme design (with explicit metrics to report and learn from failure), and the institutionalisation in project and programme implementation of “diagnostic monitoring” routines for continuous improvement through redesign.