This chapter describes the main actors in the Colombian innovation system – business enterprises, agriculture, the organisations that make up the emerging ICT sector, higher education institutions and public research institutes – highlighting their respective roles in the development of the innovation system in recent years. It looks first at the overall innovation system in which these organisations are embedded and then reviews scientific, technological and related functions carried out by the main actors within the system and their contributions to innovation. The final section focuses on human resources for science, technology and innovation, which play a critical role in further developing Colombia’s economy. Related policies have to take into account current and emerging needs, especially of the business sector.