The purpose of this study is to assess the French research and innovation system (SFRI). The missions of the SFRI are to mobilise research and innovation in order to support economic growth and help meet the key environmental and social challenges. To do so, it must produce excellence and relevance. The SFRI is the result of a trajectory marked by proven successes since the post-war period, such as the construction of a sophisticated scientific system and a number of technological achievements resulting from major programmes (aeronautics, TGV high-speed train, nuclear energy). That said, conditions have changed, and the SFRI needs to adapt. It started morphing more than a decade ago and must continue on this path. The current climate for research and innovation calls for openness, flexibility and adaptability – all qualities that are not sufficiently developed within the SFRI.