Most people in OECD countries are concerned about high and increasing inequality and the lack of equal opportunities. Indeed, in the past decades the income gap between rich and poor has widened and social mobility has stagnated in many OECD countries, as documented by in-depth OECD analysis over the past years. Does Inequality Matter? How People Perceive Economic Disparities and Social Mobility is the sixth in a series of OECD flagship publications on the trends, causes and consequences of inequality and the remedies needed to address them. Growing Unequal? (2008) and Divided we Stand (2011) analysed the key features and causes of rising inequality. In it Together (2015) extended the evidence and showed that rising inequality harms economic growth by constraining the opportunities of the worse-off. The Broken Social Elevator(2018) highlighted that sticky floors and sticky ceilings limit social mobility and opportunities for low- and middle-income families to move up the social ladder. The OECD’s most recent report in this series Under Pressure: The Squeezed Middle Class (2019) documented the three main challenges for the middle class: unfairness, uncertainty, and affordability. The present report Does Inequality Matter? turns the attention to how people perceive inequality and social mobility, and why analysing people’s views helps design successful inequality-reducing policies.