HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) remains a major public health issue, with approximately 37 million people living with HIV infection in the world in 2017, of which 27 million live in Africa according to WHO. For the 28 European OECD countries for which data are available, nearly 32 000 people were newly diagnosed in 2016, corresponding to 6.4 new cases of HIV infection per 100 000 population (). Latvia and Estonia had the highest rates of new HIV cases (at 17-18 per 100 000 population), followed by Ireland, Portugal and Luxembourg (at 10-11 per 100 000 population). Hungary and the Slovak Republic had the lowest rates, with around two cases per 100 000 population. The average annual rates of newly-diagnosed HIV cases have been fairly stable in OECD-Europe over the past decade, but these averages hide diverging trends across countries. In Estonia and Portugal, infection rates decreased rapidly although they remain high, while infection rates doubled in Iceland and Lithuania, albeit from rather low initial levels. Men account for three-quarters of the newly diagnosed HIV cases.