This chapter examines soil and water farm management practices and their impact on resource productivity and efficiency. Soil-related problems are interlinked and there is generally no single solution, but rather a wide range of solutions that address multifaceted soil problems. The attempt to institutionalise these solutions and address nation-wide soil problems, however, has led many countries to adopt mandatory soil conservation policies that are often linked to their agricultural policies and support payments. Several land management practices as they affect water conservation are also considered. The practices examined include the preparation of fields for efficient irrigation and management of excess water, on-farm water delivery systems and the application of irrigation practices, irrigation water use management, and protecting water from non-point source pollution and sedimentation. The empirical challenges of assessing these impacts on productivity, efficiency and innovation are discussed.