This reliable source of yearly data covers a wide range of international statistics on foreign trade of OECD countries and provides detailed data in value by commodity and by partner country. Each of the first four volumes of International Trade by Commodity Statistics contains the tables for seven countries that are published as they become available. The fifth volume includes the OECD main country groupings (OECD-Total, NAFTA, OECD-Asia and Pacific, OECD-Europe, EU-15, etc.). For each country, this publication shows detailed tables relating to the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), Revision 3, Sections and Divisions (one and two digit). Each table shows both imports and exports over the latest six-year period available by commodity with about one hundred partner countries or country groupings (e.g. NAFTA, etc.).
This reliable source of annual commodity trade data provides detailed statistics in value by commodity and by partner country for trade of OECD countries with most partner countries. This issue covers 1993-1998 for Hungary, Korea, New Zealand, Norway, spain, the Netherlands, and Turkey.
For each country, this publication provides tables relating to the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), Revision 3, Sections and Divisions (one and two digit). Each table shows both imports and exports over the latest six-year period available by commodity with about one hundred partner countries or country groupings.
This reliable source of annual commodity trade data provides detailed statistics in value by commodity and by partner country for trade of OECD countries with most partner countries. This issue covers 1992-1997 for the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Spain, Finland, Germany and the United Kingdom.
For each country, this publication shows detailed tables relating to the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), Revision 3, Sections and Divisions (one and two digit). Each table shows both imports and exports over the latest six-year period available by commodity with about one hundred partner countries or country groupings (e.g. NAFTA, etc.).
Spain has been confronted with weak wage and productivity growth for several decades. This report provides an overview of the role that labour market policies as well as other policies can play in reviving broadly shared productivity growth in Spain. To set the scene, it starts with documenting the decline in broadly shared productivity growth and its underlying mechanisms. It then provides a discussion of how policies can enhance the adaptability of the economy and labour market to structural change. It concludes with a discussion of the role of selected labour market policies for promoting broadly shared productivity gains. The emphasis is on wage-setting institutions, employment protection and job retention support, consistent with the focus of recent reforms.
L'Espagne a mis en œuvre des mesures importantes pour atténuer l'impact de la pandémie et du choc inflationniste consécutif à la guerre d'agression de la Russie contre l'Ukraine. L'économie a bien résisté, mais la dette publique, qui était déjà élevée, a augmenté en raison de la pandémie, ce qui rend urgente l'accélération de l'assainissement budgétaire. Les politiques publiques doivent continuer à s'attaquer aux faiblesses structurelles de l'Espagne. Le potentiel de croissance est faible et s'affaiblira avec le vieillissement rapide de la population. La réalisation des objectifs du pays en matière de lutte contre le changement climatique nécessitera un engagement fort et large en faveur d'un bouquet énergétique plus propre et d'un régime fiscal plus respectueux de l'environnement. Le chômage reste le plus élevé de l'OCDE et l'intégration des jeunes sur le marché du travail demeure difficile, même si des réformes récentes ont permis de réduire la part importante des contrats temporaires. Améliorer les résultats des jeunes en matière d'éducation et leur situation sur le marché du travail devrait passer par le renforcement du lien entre le système éducatif et le marché du travail, l'aide aux étudiants qui risquent de prendre du retard, l'amélioration de l'orientation professionnelle et la mise en place d'un service public de l'emploi plus efficace. Pour stimuler le faible niveau d'esprit d'entreprise chez les jeunes, il est nécessaire d'apporter un soutien financier et éducatif supplémentaire. L'augmentation du nombre de logements locatifs sociaux dans les zones en difficulté faciliterait l'accès au logement pour les jeunes.
CHAPITRE THÉMATIQUE : ACCROÎTRE LES OPPORTUNITÉS POUR LES JEUNES EN ESPAGNE
Este perfil ofrece una visión concisa y centrada en las políticas del estado de la salud y el sistema sanitario en España, como parte de la serie más amplia de Perfiles Sanitarios de País de la iniciativa El estado de la salud en la UE. Presenta un análisis sucinto que abarca los siguientes aspectos clave: el estado actual de la salud en España; los determinantes de la salud, centrándose en los factores de riesgo conductuales; la organización del sistema sanitario español; y una evaluación de la eficacia, accesibilidad y resistencia del sistema sanitario. Además, la edición 2023 presenta una sección temática sobre el estado de la salud mental y los servicios asociados en España.
Este perfil es fruto de la colaboración entre la OCDE y el Observatorio Europeo de Sistemas y Políticas de Salud, realizada en cooperación con la Comisión Europea.
This profile provides a concise and policy-focused overview of the state of health and the healthcare system in Spain, as a part of the broader series of Country Health Profiles from the State of Health in the EU initiative. It presents a succinct analysis encompassing the following key aspects: the current health status in Spain; the determinants of health, focusing on behavioural risk factors; the organisation of the Spanish healthcare system; and an evaluation of the health system's effectiveness, accessibility, and resilience. Moreover, the 2023 edition presents a thematic section on the state of mental health and associated services in Spain.
This profile is the collaborative effort of the OECD and the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, carried out in cooperation with the European Commission.
This report provides an overview of the design and results of a counterfactual impact evaluation of SEND@, a digital tool for employment counsellors developed by the Spanish public employment service (Servicio Público de Empleo Estatal, SEPE). The objective of the digital tool SEND@ evaluated in this report is to assist employment counsellors in guiding clients to job openings and/or active labour market policies (ALMPs) based on past outcomes amongst similar clients. Taking information on jobseekers who have successfully integrated to the labour market in the recent past, the digital tool displays the top occupations in which similar jobseekers found jobs as well as, if applicable, which ALMPs they participated in before becoming employed.
Spain implemented sizable measures to cushion the impact of the pandemic and of the inflationary shock after Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine. The economy has held up well, but public debt, which was already high, has increased because of the pandemic, making it urgent to step up the pace of fiscal consolidation. Public policy should continue to address Spain’s structural weaknesses. Growth potential is low and will remain so with the rapid ageing of the population. Fulfilling the country’s objectives to fight climate change will require a strong and broad commitment in favour of a cleaner energy mix and a more environment-friendly tax regime. Unemployment remains the highest in the OECD and the integration of young people into the job market remains challenging, although recent reforms have reduced the high share of temporary contracts. Improving educational and labour market outcomes among the young should entail strengthening the connection between the educational system and the labour market, supporting students at risk of falling behind, improving career counselling, and providing a more efficient public employment service. Boosting the low level of entrepreneurship among young people requires additional financial and educational support. More social rental housing in stressed areas would facilitate access to housing for young people.
SPECIAL FEATURE: INCREASING OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE YOUNG IN SPAIN
Spain has a high share of the working age population at risk of poverty or social exclusion and a high incidence of child poverty. While Spain has introduced a minimum income at the national level, social inclusion policies are the responsibility of the regions. At present, the coverage of the minimum income remains low and there are many differences in the design and implementation of social inclusion policies across regions, especially as a number of regions do not develop social inclusion strategies. There is also a lack of a multidimensional approach to social inclusion. This report develops options for new inclusion models that address current challenges and help formulate a coherent inclusion strategy. It also sets out a blueprint for developing a monitoring and evaluation framework. The recommendations aim to increase the effectiveness of minimum income policies and strengthen the co-ordination between social services, employment, health and housing.
The Rethinking Regional Attractiveness in the New Global Environment report highlights lessons learned from multiple regional case studies from five EU countries (Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain and Sweden), additional work with Latin American and Caribbean regions, and a series of webinars and one-on-one dialogues on rethinking regional attractiveness. The OECD’s innovative multidimensional approach to assessing regional attractiveness considers global engagement beyond international connections and economic factors alone. The methodology considers more than 50 indicators to develop regional attractiveness profiles covering six domains of attractiveness: economic attraction, connectedness, visitor appeal, natural environment, resident well-being, and land-use and housing.
The report helps regional and national policy makers to understand how individual regions fare in a new global environment that continues to deal with the impacts of the COVID-19 crisis, compounded by the consequences of Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine and existing megatrends – all of which produce asymmetric impacts within and between countries and regions – and identify the policy levers available to enhance their attractiveness to the international target groups of investors, talent, and visitors. It also considers the need to co-ordinate across levels of government, across policy fields, and with private stakeholders, and highlights good practices to implement regional attractiveness policies.
Spain has a dynamic and competitive agro-food sector. However, higher productivity has not always reduced environmental pressures. The agricultural innovation and knowledge system could play a key role in addressing the environmental challenges and improving the sector’s resilience.
Policies for the Future of Farming and Food in Spain undertakes a thorough examination of the Spanish agro-food sector. It applies the OECD Productivity, Sustainability and Resilience (PSR) analytical framework along with the latest data from the OECD Agri-Environmental Indicators to benchmark the country’s sustainable productivity performance and to identify the main challenges facing the sector.
This report proposes a new policy approach, which puts innovation at the centre of a strategy to reconcile environmental performance and productivity growth. Its policy recommendations focus on actions to improve the agricultural knowledge and innovation system and make it more responsive to the most urgent environmental pressures. This requires strengthening the institutional and regulatory framework that supports agricultural innovation and creating incentives to tackle the impediments for a more sustainable and resilient agriculture.
In the face of what has increasingly been referred to as an ongoing “permacrisis”, governments must cope with and respond to emerging threats while already grappling with longstanding issues such as climate change, digital disruption and low levels of trust. In this context, understanding new approaches and spreading successful ideas has never been more important. To promote this, the OECD Observatory of Public Sector Innovation (OPSI) has analysed 1 084 innovative initiatives from 94 countries to derive and understand novel government practices. The report discusses four key trends: 1) new forms of accountability for a new era of government, 2) new approaches to care, 3) new methods for preserving identities and strengthening equity and 4) new ways of engaging citizens and residents. Ten case studies and dozens of supporting examples illustrate these trends.
The Environmental Tax Policy Review of Andalusia provides a detailed review of the environmentally related tax framework in the areas of greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, water usage and pollution, and waste and circular economy in the Autonomous Region of Andalusia, Spain. For each thematic area, the study identifies the scope for action at the regional level, assesses how Andalusia’s existing environmentally related taxes align with environmental tax policy principles and provides strategic recommendations to support Andalusia to improve environmental outcomes and enhance national and global environmental performance.
This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Spain as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
Los perfiles nacionales de cáncer determinan los puntos fuertes, los desafíos y los ámbitos de actuación específicos de cada uno de los veintisiete Estados miembros de la UE, Islandia y Noruega, al objeto de orientar la inversión y las intervenciones a escala de la UE, nacional y regional en el marco del Plan Europeo de Lucha contra el Cáncer. Cada perfil oncológico nacional ofrece una breve síntesis de: la carga nacional del cáncer; factores de riesgo de cáncer (centrándose en los factores de riesgo conductuales y ambientales); programas de detección precoz; resultados de la atención oncológica (centrándose en la accesibilidad, la calidad de la atención, los costes y el impacto de COVID-19 en la atención oncológica).
Social services in Spain are confronted with a series of challenges, including growing demand due to population ageing, changing family models, rising inequality and labour market changes. Services are fragmented and, with multiple providers, lack reliable and comprehensive data. There is also a discontinuity between primary and specialised care. The decentralised model of competences generates complexity in management and financing of services. With the current governance and financing system, there are disparities in the type and quality of social services provided across the 17 Spanish Autonomous Communities and two autonomous cities. In addition, there is a lack of portability of benefits throughout the country. This report suggests ways to improve the legal context, move towards more universal services, strengthen quality, and move towards more evidence-based policies.
El Comité de Asistencia para el Desarrollo (CAD) de la OCDE realiza exámenes de pares a sus miembros cada cinco o seis años a fin de mejorar la calidad y eficacia de la cooperación para el desarrollo, identificando buenas prácticas y recomendando mejoras. España ha hecho de la Agenda 2030 el eje de su política exterior y su cooperación para el desarrollo. Colabora en alianzas para alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, a nivel internacional y en los países asociados. Se reconoce el papel de España por su labor mediante alianzas horizontales e inclusivas, y su capacidad de aprovechar la experiencia de su sector público para identificar y compartir conocimiento. En un momento en el que España emprende una reforma integral de su estrategia y su arquitectura de cooperación para el desarrollo, este examen de pares plantea varias recomendaciones que pretenden mejorar su dirección estratégica, racionalizar su marco administrativo, fortalecer sus recursos humanos y movilizar íntegramente su cooperación financiera.
La transición hacia la economía circular para la ciudad de Valladolid, España, representa una oportunidad para un mayor atractivo y competitividad, a la vez que proporciona respuestas a los retos medioambientales. La ciudad de Valladolid pretende ser un referente como ciudad sostenible, reduciendo los residuos, disminuyendo el uso de materias primas y aumentando el uso de energías renovables, al tiempo que estimula el crecimiento económico y el bienestar social. Este informe pretende apoyar a Valladolid en el desarrollo de una estrategia coherente de economía circular, sobre la base de diversas iniciativas ya en marcha para financiar proyectos de economía circular, y sensibilizar y promover una cultura emprendedora sobre la economía circular.
Le Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) de l’OCDE procède à des examens par les pairs de ses membres une fois tous les cinq ou six ans. Ces examens visent à améliorer la qualité et l’efficacité de leur coopération pour le développement, en mettant en évidence les bonnes pratiques et en recommandant des améliorations. Le Programme 2030 est au cœur de la politique extérieure et de coopération de l’Espagne. Cette dernière noue des alliances pour atteindre les Objectifs de développement durable, à l’échelle internationale et dans ses pays partenaires. L’Espagne est estimée pour son approche partenariale horizontale et inclusive et sa capacité à mobiliser l’expertise du secteur public pour acquérir et partager les connaissances. Alors que le pays s'engage dans une réforme de sa coopération pour le développement, cet examen formule des recommandations destinées à améliorer le pilotage stratégique, rationaliser le cadre administratif, renforcer les ressources humaines et déployer pleinement sa coopération financière.