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Economies worldwide have endured an economic slowdown from which they are only now beginning to recover and which has constrained the capacity of governments and industry to invest in science, technology and innovation. As OECD countries continue to move towards more knowledge-based economies and face increasing economic competition from non-member economies, their reliance on the creation, diffusion and exploitation of knowledge – including scientific and technical knowledge – will grow. This chapter...
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Innovation has been an area of considerable policy development in recent years and, in most cases, of growing public funding. Governments have developed strategic plans for enhancing innovation performance and accelerating their nations’ transformation into knowledge-based economies. They have forged more explicit links to industry and other stakeholders so as to solicit expert opinion and advice that can inform policy development. This chapter reviews recent developments in science, technology and innovation policy in...
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Public/private partnerships (P/PPs) offer a framework for the public and the private sectors to join forces in areas in which they have complementary interests but cannot act as efficiently alone. They are increasingly popular in research and development (R&D) because they can effectively fill gaps in innovation systems, increase the efficiency of government policy in addressing market failures that affect innovation processes and...
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This chapter discusses the evolving policy context for HRST and analyses recent trends in the demand for and supply of graduates in science and engineering. It reviews policy measures implemented by OECD governments to address the challenges raised by these trends and discusses the outlook for human resources in science and technology. As the chapter shows, concerns about supplies of HRST are widespread across the OECD area...
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Multinational enterprises (MNEs) account for a large and growing share of employment and production in OECD countries – particularly in the manufacturing sector. Recent developments in the kinds of data accessible to economists have provided more powerful tools for investigating the effects of MNEs on OECD economies. This chapter reviews a selection of recent work that uses these new data sources to examine the contribution...
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