The statistical tables follow key areas identified in the Latin American Economic Outlook (LEO): 1) socio-economic dimension; 2) citizens’ perceptions and institutions; 3) productivity and innovation; 4) environment and the green transition; and 5) fiscal position.

Poverty in urban areas in Argentina increased from 21.5% in 2016 to 34.4% in 2020, surpassing the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) average of 26.3%, partly owing to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Extreme poverty in urban areas also increased in that period from 2.9% to 6.3% but remains below the LAC average (8.7%). Inequality remained relatively stable. The Gini index increased from 42.0 in 2016 to 42.3 in 2020, remaining below the LAC average (45.3). Regarding environmental indicators, in 2019, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita were 8.2 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (t CO2e), higher than the averages for LAC (6.3) and slightly below for countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (9.1). That year, the share of population exposed to air pollution levels that pose risks to human health (PM2.5 at more than 10 µg/m3) was 98.5%, higher than 95.4% for LAC and 61.0% for the OECD. The marine protected area of Argentina accounted for 11.8% of its territorial waters in 2021, compared to 7.3% for LAC and 18.6% for the OECD. On the fiscal side, environmentally related tax revenue was 1.8% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020, above LAC (1.0%) and below the OECD (2.1%). Total tax revenues as a percentage of GDP (29.4%) remains higher than the LAC average (21.9%) but below the OECD average (33.5%).

Poverty in Brazil decreased from 20.9% in 2016 to 18.4% in 2020, contrary to Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) average, which increased slightly from 25.9% to 26.3% in the same period. Brazil’s trend can be explained by the wide fiscal support (with cash transfers and tax packages) during 2020 to alleviate the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Extreme poverty decreased in that period, from 5.3% to 5.1% and remains below the LAC average (8.7%). The population living in completely informal households decreased from 37.7% in 2009 to 29.7% in 2018, compared to the LAC average of 36.3% in 2018. Regarding environmental indicators, in 2019, total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita were 5.0 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (t CO2e), lower than the averages for LAC (6.3) and for countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (9.1). That year, the share of the population exposed to air pollution levels that pose risks to human health (PM2.5 at more than 10 µg/m3) was 81.7%, lower than 95.4% for LAC and higher than 61.0% for the OECD. The marine protected areas accounted for 26.8% of Brazil’s territorial waters in 2021, compared to 7.3% for LAC and 18.6% for the OECD. On the fiscal side, environmentally related tax revenue was 0.7% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020, lower than LAC (1.0%) and the OECD (2.1%). Total tax revenues as a percentage of GDP (31.6%) remain higher than the average for LAC (21.9%), but below the OECD (33.5%).

Poverty in Chile increased from 13.7% in 2015 to 14.2% in 2020, below the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) average of 26.3%, partly owing to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Extreme poverty increased in that period from 1.8% to 4.5%, below the LAC average (8.7%). The population living in totally informal households decreased from 23.5% in 2009 to 18.2% in 2017, compared to the LAC average 36.3% in 2018. Regarding environmental indicators, in 2019, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita were 6.0 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (t CO2e), lower than the averages for LAC (6.3) and countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (9.1). That year, the share of the population exposed to air pollution levels that pose risks to human health (PM2.5 at more than 10 µg/m3) was 98.6%, higher than 95.4% for LAC and 61% for the OECD. The marine protected area of Chile accounted for 41.3% of its territorial waters in 2021, compared to 7.3% for LAC and 18.6% for the OECD. On the fiscal side, environmentally related tax revenue was 1.4% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020, above LAC (1.0%) and below the OECD (2.1%). Total tax revenues as a percentage of GDP (19.3%) remain lower than the averages for LAC (21.9%) and the OECD (33.5%).

Poverty in Colombia increased from 30.9% in 2016 to 39.8% in 2020, above the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) average of 26.3%, partly owing to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Extreme poverty increased in that period from 12.0% to 19.2% and remains above the LAC average (8.7%). The population living in completely informal households decreased from 62.6% in 2010 to 52.2% in 2018, compared to the LAC average of 36.3% in 2018. Regarding environmental indicators, in 2019 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita were 3.7 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (t CO2e), lower than the averages for LAC (6.3) and for countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (9.1). That year, the share of the population exposed to air pollution levels that pose risks to human health (PM2.5 at more than 10 µg/m3) was 99.3%, higher than 95.4% for LAC and 61.0% for the OECD. The marine protected area of Colombia accounted for 17.2% of its territorial waters in 2021, compared to 7.3% for LAC and 18.6% for the OECD. On the fiscal side, environmentally related tax revenue was 0.6% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020, below LAC (1.0%) and the OECD (2.1%). Total tax revenues as a percentage of GDP in 2020 (18.7%) was below averages for LAC (21.9%) and the OECD (33.5%).

Poverty in Costa Rica increased from 16.5% in 2016 to 19.4% in 2020, partly owing to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, remaining below the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) average of 26.3%. Extreme poverty slightly decreased over that period from 4.2% to 4.0% and remained below the LAC average (8.7%). The population living in completely informal households remained constant at 26.9% in 2010 and 27.0% in 2019, below the LAC average of 36.3% in 2018. Regarding environmental indicators, in 2019, total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita were 3.1 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (t CO2e), lower than the averages for LAC (6.3) and countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (9.1). That year, the share of the population exposed to air pollution levels that pose risks to human health (PM2.5 at more than 10 µg/m3) was 99.9%, higher than 95.2% for LAC and 61.0% for the OECD. The marine protected area accounted for 2.7% of its territorial waters at the beginning of 2021, compared to 7.3% for LAC and 18.6% for the OECD. In December 2021, the government signed a decree that expands the protected marine area of the Area de Conservación Marina Coco to 161 129 km2, thereby increasing the national marine protected area to 30% of territorial waters. On the fiscal side, environmentally related tax revenue was 2.3% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019, above both LAC (1.0% in 2020) and the OECD (2.1% in 2020). Total tax revenue as a percentage of GDP (22.9%) remains higher than the average for LAC (21.9%), but lower than the OECD (33.5%).

Poverty in Dominican Republic decreased from 26.7% in 2016 to 21.8% in 2020, below the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) average of 26.3%. Extreme poverty decreased in that period from 7.0% to 5.6%, also below the LAC average (8.7%). The Gini index decreased from 45.7 in 2016 to 39.6 in 2020, below the LAC average (45.3). Regarding environmental indicators, in 2019 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita were 3.9 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (t CO2e), lower than the averages for LAC (6.3) and countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (9.1). That year, the share of the population exposed to air pollution levels that pose risks to human health (PM2.5 at more than 10 µg/m3) was 100%, higher than 95.4% for LAC and 61.0% for the OECD. The marine protected area of the Dominican Republic accounted for 18.0% of its territorial waters in 2021, compared to 7.3% for LAC and 18.6% for the OECD. On the fiscal side, environmentally related tax revenue was 1.4% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020, above LAC (1.0%) but below the OECD (2.1%). Total tax revenue as a percentage of GDP (12.6%) remains much lower than the averages for LAC (21.9%) and the OECD (33.5%).

Poverty in Ecuador increased from 24.3% in 2016 to 30.6% in 2020, above the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) average of 26.3%, partly owing to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Extreme poverty increased in that period from 7.5% to 10.8% and remains above the LAC average (8.7%). The Gini index increased from 45.0 in 2016 to 47.3 in 2020, close to the LAC average (45.3). Regarding environmental indicators, in 2019, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita were 4.2 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (t CO2e), lower than the averages for LAC (6.3) and countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (9.1). That year, the share of the population exposed to air pollution levels that pose risks to human health (PM2.5 at more than 10 µg/m3) was 100%, higher than 95.4% for LAC and 61.0% for the OECD. The marine protected area of Ecuador accounted for 13.3% of its territorial waters in 2021, compared to 7.3% for LAC and 18.6% for the OECD. In 2022, Ecuador created Hermandad, a new 60 000 km2 marine protected area, thereby increasing the national marine protected area to 19.2% of territorial waters. On the fiscal side, environmentally related tax revenue was 0.3% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020, below LAC (1.0%) and OECD averages (2.1%). Total tax revenues as a percentage of GDP (19.1%) remain lower than the averages for LAC (21.9%) and the OECD (33.5%).

Poverty in El Salvador has decreased from 40.4% in 2016 to 30.7% in 2020, although it remained above the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) average of 26.3%. Extreme poverty also decreased in that period from 10.7% to 8.3%, below the LAC average (8.7%). The population living in completely informal households was 54.4% in 2018, above the LAC average (36.3%). Regarding environmental indicators, in 2019, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita were 2.0 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (t CO2e), lower than the averages for LAC (6.3) and countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (9.1). That year, the share of the population exposed to air pollution levels that pose risks to human health (PM2.5 at more than 10 µg/m3) was 99.9%, higher than 95.4% for LAC and 61.0% for the OECD. The marine protected area of El Salvador accounted for just 0.7% of its territorial waters in 2021, compared to 7.3% for LAC and 18.6% for the OECD. On the fiscal side, environmentally related tax revenue was 0.5% of GDP in 2020, below LAC (1.0%) and the OECD (2.1%). Total tax revenue as a percentage of GDP in 2020 was 21.9%, on par with the LAC average (21.9%), but below the OECD average (33.5%).

In 2019, total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita in Guatemala were 2.1 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (t CO2e), lower than the averages for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) (6.3) and countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (9.1). That same year, the share of the population exposed to air pollution levels that pose risks to human health (PM2.5 at more than 10 µg/m3) was 100%, higher than 95.4% for LAC and 61.0% for the OECD. The marine protected area of Guatemala accounted for 0.8% of its territorial waters in 2021, compared to 7.3% for LAC and 18.6% for the OECD. On the fiscal side, environmentally related tax revenue was 0.8% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020, below the averages for LAC (1.0%) and the OECD (2.1%). Total tax revenue as a percentage of GDP (12.4%) in 2020 remained lower than the averages for LAC (21.9%) and the OECD (33.5%).

Poverty in Mexico remained largely unchanged, at 37.4% in 2020, compared to 37.6% in 2016, above the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) average of 26.3%. Extreme poverty in that period rose from 8.4% to 9.2%, partly owing to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, above the LAC average (8.7%). The population living in completely informal households decreased from 41.6% in 2010 to 37.0% in 2018, in line with the LAC average of 36.3% in 2018. Regarding environmental indicators, in 2019, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita were 5.1 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (t CO2e), lower than the averages for LAC (6.3) and countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (9.1). That year, the share of the population exposed to air pollution levels that pose risks to human health (PM2.5 at more than 10 µg/m3) was 99.5%, higher than 95.4% for LAC and 61.0% for the OECD. The marine protected area of Mexico accounted for 21.6% of its territorial waters in 2021, substantially higher than 7.3% for LAC and above 18.6% for the OECD. On the fiscal side, environmentally related tax revenue was 1.4% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020, above LAC (1.0%) but below the OECD (2.1%). Total tax revenue as a percentage of GDP (17.9%) remains lower than the averages for LAC (21.9%) and the OECD (33.5%).

Poverty in Panama decreased from 16.8% in 2016 to 15.0% in 2019, lower than the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) average for 2020 (26.3%). Extreme poverty decreased in that period from 7.4% to 6.8% and remains below the LAC average (8.7% in 2020). The Gini index decreased from 50.4 in 2016 to 49.8 in 2019, remaining above the LAC average (45.3 in 2019). Regarding environmental indicators, in 2019, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita were 4.9 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (t CO2e), lower than the averages for LAC (6.3) and countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (9.1). That year, the share of the population exposed to air pollution levels that pose risks to human health (PM2.5 at more than 10 µg/m3) was 99.8%, higher than 95.4% for LAC and 61.0% for the OECD. The marine protected area of Panama accounted for 26.8% of its territorial waters in 2021, well above 7.3% for LAC and 18.6% for the OECD. On the fiscal side, environmentally related tax revenue was 0.4% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020, below LAC (1.0%) and the OECD (2.1%). Total tax revenue as a percentage of GDP (13.7%) remained lower than the averages for LAC (21.9%) and the OECD (33.5%).

Poverty in Paraguay decreased from 24.0% in 2016 to 22.3% in 2020 and remained below the Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) average of 26.3%. These figures mask the effect of strong efforts to decrease poverty before the shock of the COVID-19 pandemic, which brought the figure down to 19.4% in 2019. Extreme poverty consistently decreased in that period, from 7.9% to 6.0%, below the LAC average (8.7%). The population living in completely informal households decreased from 66.4% in 2009 to 58.0% in 2018 higher than the LAC average of 36.3%. Regarding environmental indicators, in 2019, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita were 7.0 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (t CO2e), higher than the average for LAC (6.3) but below the average for countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (9.1). That year, the share of the population exposed to air pollution levels that pose risks to human health (PM2.5 at more than 10 µg/m3) was 100%, higher than 95.4% for LAC and 61.0% for the OECD. On the fiscal side, environmentally related tax revenue was 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020, below LAC average (1.0%) and the OECD average (2.1%). Total tax revenue as a percentage of GDP in 2020 (13.4%) remained considerably lower than the averages for LAC (21.9%) and the OECD (33.5%).

Poverty in Peru increased in recent years, from 19.1% in 2016 to 28.4% in 2020, partly owing to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, it is now above the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) average of 26.3%. Extreme poverty also increased in that period from 5.2% to 8.6% and was on par with the LAC average (8.7%). The population living in completely informal households decreased from 67.9% in 2010 to 51.6% in 2018 but remained well above the LAC average of 36.3% in 2018. Regarding environmental indicators, in 2019, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita were 3.1 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (t CO2e), lower than the averages for LAC (6.3) and for countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (9.1). That year, the share of the population exposed to air pollution levels that pose risks to human health (PM2.5 at more than 10 µg/m3) was 98.4%, higher than 95.4% for LAC and 61.0% for the OECD. The marine protected area of Peru accounted for just 0.5% of its territorial waters in 2021, lower than averages for LAC (7.3%) and the OECD (18.6%). In June 2021, the government signed a decree that establishes the protected marine area of the Nazca Ridge National Reserve to 62 392 km2, thereby increasing the national marine protected area to almost 8% of territorial waters. On the fiscal side, environmentally related tax revenue was 0.5% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020, below LAC (1.0%) and the OECD (2.1%). Total tax revenues as a percentage of GDP in 2020 (15.2%) remained lower than the averages for LAC (21.9%) and the OECD (33.5%).

Poverty in Uruguay increased from 3.6% in 2016 to 5.2% in 2020, partly owing to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, but remains substantially lower than the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) average of 26.3%. Extreme poverty increased in that period from 0.2% to 0.3%, also far below the LAC average (8.7%). The population living in completely informal households decreased by almost half – from 28.5% in 2008 to 16.3% in 2018 – bringing it far below the LAC average of 36.3% in 2018. Regarding environmental indicators, in 2019, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita were 10.4 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (t CO2e), higher than the averages for LAC (6.3) and countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (9.1). That year, the share of the population exposed to air pollution levels that pose risks to human health (PM2.5 at more than 10 µg/m3) was 26.5%, substantially lower than 95.4% for LAC and 61.0% for the OECD. The marine protected area of Uruguay accounted for 0.75% of its territorial waters in 2021, far below 7.3% for LAC and 18.6% for the OECD. On the fiscal side, environmentally related tax revenue was 1.8% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020, above LAC (1.0%) but slightly below the OECD (2.1%). Total tax revenues as a percentage of GDP in 2020 (26.6%) remained higher than the average for LAC (21.9%) but below the OECD (33.5%).