The OECD review of Gender Equality in Costa Rica: Towards a Better Sharing of Paid and Unpaid Work is the fourth in a collection of reports focusing on Latin American and the Caribbean countries, and part of the series Gender Equality at Work. The report compares gender gaps in labour and educational outcomes in Costa Rica with other countries. Particular attention is put on the uneven distribution of unpaid work, and the extra burden placed on women. It investigates how policies and programmes in Costa Rica can make this distribution more equitable. The first part of the report reviews the evidence on gender gaps and their causes, including the role played by social norms. The second part develops a comprehensive framework to address these challenges, presenting a broad range of options to reduce the unpaid work burden falling on women, and to increase women’s labour income. Earlier reviews in the same collection have looked at gender equality policies in Chile (2021), Peru (2022) and Colombia (2023).
Bộ Nguyên tắc Quản trị Công ty G20/OECD giúp các nhà hoạch định chính sách đánh giá và cải thiện khuôn khổ pháp lý, quy định và thể chế cho quản trị doanh nghiệp. Các nguyên tắc này xác định các yếu tố then chốt tạo nên khuôn khổ quản trị doanh nghiệp hợp lý và đưa ra hướng dẫn thực tế để thực hiện ở cấp quốc gia. Bộ nguyên tắc cũng cung cấp hướng dẫn cho các sàn giao dịch chứng khoán, nhà đầu tư, tập đoàn và những đối tượng khác có vai trò trong việc phát triển quản trị doanh nghiệp tốt.
In an era of overlapping crises, achieving sustainable development is more challenging than ever. As we approach the 2030 deadline, the world is off track to meet most of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Urgent, transformative action is needed to reverse the setbacks. The OECD and its members have a central role to play in this global effort, guided by a shared commitment to global stability and progress.
The OECD Recommendation on Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development (PCSD) is a key tool in addressing these challenges. It provides policymakers with the necessary mechanisms to ensure that policies across sectors and levels of government are mutually reinforcing in the pursuit of sustainable development, both domestically and globally.
This report takes stock of the progress made in implementing the Recommendation over the past five years. It shows that many of the Parties to the Recommendation have laid a strong foundation for improving policy coherence. However, significant gaps remain, particularly in the capacity to assess the impact of policies on sustainable development and to integrate sustainable development into key governance processes.
Ce rapport présente les principales conclusions de la seconde enquête transnationale de l'OCDE sur les déterminants de la confiance dans les institutions publiques, réalisée fin 2023. Avec près de 60 000 réponses représentatives de la population adulte de 30 pays de l'OCDE, l'enquête permet d’explorer comment les attentes des individus envers le gouvernement et leurs interactions avec celui-ci influencent leur confiance envers les institutions publiques. Cela va des interactions quotidiennes avec les institutions publiques à la prise de décision gouvernementale sur des questions politiques complexes. Le rapport identifie certains des principaux déterminants de la confiance dans le gouvernement et les autres institutions publiques et examine les possibilités d'action en matière de politiques publiques. Pour la première fois, le rapport analyse également l'évolution des niveaux de confiance et de ses déterminants dans les 20 pays de l'OCDE qui ont participé à l'enquête 2021, ainsi que la manière dont un environnement d'information marqué par un nombre croissant de contenus polarisants et de désinformation affecte la confiance de la population dans les institutions publiques.
Հայաստանի ՏՀՏ ոլորտը 2022 թվականին նշանակալի աճ է գրանցել` ընդարձակվելով 20% -ով, ընդգծելով երկրի` թվային փոխակերպման հանձնառությունը որպես քաղաքականության առաջնահերթություն: Չնայած այս ջանքերին եւ միտումներին` ՓՄՁ-ները շարունակում են զգալի խոչընդոտների բախվել իրենց թվային փոխակերպման ընթացքում, այդ թվում` իրազեկման, թվային հմտությունների ցածր մակարդակի և ֆինանսական խոչընդոտների: Այս զեկույցները նպատակ ունեն աջակցել ՀՀ կառավարությանը այս մարտահրավերների հասցեավորման և բիզնեսի թվայնացման խթանման գործում:
Հենվելով ՏՀԶԿ-ի կողմից թվայնացման քաղաքականության ուղղված նախորդ աշխատանքների և Արևելյան գործընկերության երկրների համար ՓՄՁ քաղաքականության ցուցիչի 2024-րդ հրատարակության ներհայեցումների վրա, սույն հրապարակումը համապարփակ ձևով ամփոփում է ՓՄՁ թվայնացման համար Հայաստանի ինստիտուցիոնալ շրջանակը և քաղաքականության նախաձեռնությունները: Տվյալների վրա հիմնված վերլուծության միջոցով այն ուսումնասիրում է հայաստանյան բիզնեսների թվային փոխակերպումը խոչընդոտող մարտահրավերները և նրանց ներուժը գործարկելու հնարավորություն է ընձեռում: Այս զեկույցը ծառայում է որպես ուղեցույց, ներկայացնելով մանրամասն առաջարկություններ` ուղղված ՓՄՁ թվայնացմանն աջակցելու շրջանակային պայմանների բարելավմանը, թվային բարեփոխման դյուրացման կառուցվածքային համակարգի ձևավորմանը և սիներգիաների խթամանը թվային փոխակերպման դյուրացման էկոհամակարգում:
La France a été confrontée successivement à deux chocs de grande ampleur, avec la pandémie de COVID-19 et la hausse de l’inflation. Les mesures gouvernementales d’urgence ont été décisives pour préserver le tissu productif, l’emploi et le pouvoir d’achat mais ont eu un coût élevé pour les finances publiques. Des efforts de réduction des dépenses seront impératifs pour abaisser la dette publique. Pour stimuler les gains de productivité, il faut diffuser plus largement les technologies numériques, réduire les obstacles réglementaires et renforcer l’innovation. La tarification du carbone pourrait être rendue plus efficace en éliminant progressivement les subventions et exemptions fiscales dont bénéficient certains secteurs.
Les résultats scolaires sont comparables à ceux obtenus dans d’autres pays de l’OCDE, mais le lien entre le milieu socio-économique et les résultats des élèves est particulièrement fort. Une répartition plus large des aides publiques en faveur des établissements scolaires défavorisés permettrait d’éviter les effets de seuil et de mieux répondre aux besoins des élèves. Rééquilibrer la répartition des dépenses d’éducation en faveur des établissements primaires permettrait d’apporter un soutien plus important aux enfants dès leurs premières années de scolarité. L’utilisation de pratiques pédagogiques modernes telles que les méthodes d’activation cognitive, qui sont associées à de meilleurs résultats scolaires, pourrait être renforcée.
CHAPITRE THÉMATIQUE : AMÉLIORER LES RÉSULTATS DANS LE DOMAINE DE L’ÉDUCATION
This report presents the main findings of the second OECD cross-national Survey on Drivers of Trust in Public Institutions, carried out in late 2023. With nearly 60 000 responses, representative of the adult population in 30 OECD countries, the survey investigated how people's expectations and experiences with government influence their trust in public institutions. These experiences and expectations range from day-to-day interactions with public institutions to government decision making on complex policy issues. The report identifies some of the main drivers of trust in government and other public institutions and discusses opportunities for policy action. For the first time, the report also analyses how trust levels and drivers have evolved in the 20 OECD countries that participated in the 2021 survey and how an information environment marked by an increasing amount of polarising content and disinformation affects people’s trust in public institutions.
France has faced two significant, successive shocks: the COVID-19 pandemic and the increase in inflation. Emergency government measures were decisive in protecting business, jobs and purchasing power, but at a high fiscal cost. Efforts to reduce public spending will be key to lower government debt. Lifting productivity growth hinges on a wider diffusion of digital technologies, reduced regulatory barriers and stronger innovation. The effectiveness of carbon pricing could be strengthened by gradually removing subsidies and tax exemptions that certain sectors benefit from.
Students perform at a similar level to OECD peers but the link between socio-economic background and educational outcomes is particularly strong. Spreading the allocation of public support to disadvantaged students more widely across schools would help to avoid threshold effects and to better respond to students’ needs. Rebalancing the distribution of education spending in favour of primary schools could provide greater support to children in the early years of their schooling. The use of modern teaching approaches, including cognitive activation practices, that are associated with better student achievement, could be reinforced.
SPECIAL FEATURE: IMPROVING EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES
Armenia's ICT sector has experienced remarkable growth, expanding by 20% in 2022, underscoring the country's commitment to digital transformation as a policy priority. Despite these efforts and trends, SMEs continues to face significant obstacles in their digital transformation, including lack of awareness, low digital skills levels, and financial constraints. This reports aims to support the Armenian government in addressing these challenges and fostering business digitalisation.
Building on previous OECD work on digitalisation policies and insights from the 2024 edition of the SME Policy Index for Eastern Partner countries, this publication offers a comprehensive overview of Armenia’s institutional framework and policy initiatives for SME digitalisation. Through data-driven analysis, it examines the challenges hindering the digital transformation of Armenian businesses and provides insights to unlock their potential. This report serves as a guide, offering detailed recommendations aimed at improving framework conditions for SME digitalisation, building a structured system for SME digitalisation support, and fostering synergies in the ecosystem to facilitate digital transformation.
The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) conducts peer reviews of individual members once every five to six years. Reviews seek to improve the quality and effectiveness of members’ development co-operation, highlighting good practices and recommending improvements.
France has embarked on an ambitious reform of its development co-operation in institutional, strategic and financial terms. In addition to a substantial increase in the resources devoted to official development assistance and a strengthening of its crisis response instruments, France has championed the linkages between the green and social agendas and the mobilisation of the private sector for sustainable development. The review discusses the difficult balance between the objectives of visibility and development impact, particularly in fragile contexts. It makes recommendations on combining political impetus, steering by objectives and flexibility; deepening the cross-benefits between the social, environmental, and economic dimensions of sustainable development; and, strengthening the contribution of local private sector to poverty reduction by optimising available resources and instruments.
Le Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) de l’OCDE mène tous les cinq à six ans un examen par les pairs qui passe en revue les efforts de coopération pour le développement de ses membres. Ces examens visent à améliorer la qualité et l’efficacité de leur coopération, en mettant en évidence les bonnes pratiques et en recommandant des améliorations.
La France s’est engagée dans une réforme ambitieuse de sa coopération au développement aussi bien en termes institutionnel, stratégique que financier. Outre un accroissement conséquent des ressources consacrées à l’aide publique au développement et un renforcement de ses instruments de réponse aux crises, la France a vigoureusement défendu l’articulation des agendas vert et social et la mobilisation du secteur privé en faveur du développement durable. L’examen analyse le difficile équilibre entre objectifs de visibilité et d’impact sur le développement, notamment dans les contextes fragiles. Il émet des recommandations pour allier impulsion politique, pilotage par objectifs et flexibilité et approfondir la recherche de bénéfices croisés entre les dimensions sociale, environnementale et économique du développement durable. Il explore également comment renforcer la contribution du secteur privé local à la réduction de la pauvreté grâce à l’optimisation des ressources et instruments disponibles.
The transition to net-zero emissions by 2050 will have profound impacts on the labour market and the jobs of millions of workers. Aggregate effects on employment are estimated to be limited. But many jobs will be lost in the shrinking high-emission industries, while many others will be created in the expanding low-emission activities. This edition of the OECD Employment Outlook examines the characteristics of the jobs that are likely to thrive because of the transition (“green-driven jobs”), including their attractiveness in terms of job quality, and compares them to jobs in high-emission industries that tend to shrink. The cost of job displacement in these latter industries is assessed along with the trajectories of workers out of them towards new opportunities, and the labour market policies that can facilitate job reallocation. Particular attention is devoted to upskilling and reskilling strategies to facilitate workers’ transition into fast-growing, green-driven occupations. The distributive impacts of climate-change mitigation policies are also examined, with a focus on carbon pricing and options to redistribute its tax revenue to those most impacted. As usual, the first chapter of the Outlook assesses recent labour market developments (including wage trends), but also provides an update of the OECD Job Quality indicators.
Austria’s economy performed well over the past two decades. The country’s GDP per capita ranks among the highest in the OECD. Income inequalities are relatively low thanks to high redistribution through public transfers, which contributes to a relative poverty rate well below many other OECD countries. The domestic production of energy has a low carbon content largely due to significant hydropower resources. The economy is set to recover from a recession in 2023, but it will do so only slowly and remains fragile. The inflation shock in the wake of Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine is taking time to subside. Public debt has increased substantially, while the public deficit remains close to 3%. Greater capacity of the economy to adapt to future shocks and address structural challenges is needed. Sound public finances and low government debt provide fiscal space and strengthen a country’s resilience against short- and long-term shocks. Pension system reforms and efficiency measures in health care can help to mitigate long-term fiscal pressures. Public revenues need to be more friendly to sustainable and inclusive growth by shifting away from high levies on labour towards less growth-distortive taxes. Easing regulation, including strict entry requirements for certain professional services will help efficient allocation of resources towards promising activities and firms. Reducing the gap in skills for disadvantaged students and improving the integration of immigrants will be essential to provide equal access to the labour market. Achieving net zero emissions by 2040 will require a clear and comprehensive strategy including higher and more harmonised carbon prices. High exposure to future climate risks, in particular floods, needs to be addressed, and insurance coverage against natural disasters should be expanded.
SPECIAL FEATURE: ACHIEVING A SUCCESSFUL GREEN TRANSFORMATION IN AUSTRIA
The 2024 edition of OECD Tourism Trends and Policies analyses the latest tourism performance and policy trends across 50 OECD countries and partner economies. It takes stock of the tourism economy’s recovery post-pandemic and highlights the need for co-ordinated, forward-looking policies, as challenges remain to build momentum for a more resilient, sustainable and inclusive future for the sector. Evidence on the significance of the tourism economy is presented, with data covering domestic, inbound, and outbound tourism, enterprises and employment, and internal tourism consumption. Tourism policy priorities, reforms and developments are analysed, and examples of country practices highlighted. Thematic chapters provide insights on strengthening the tourism workforce and building the evidence base for sustainable tourism policies.
Die G20/OECD-Grundsätze der Corporate Governance helfen Politikverantwortlichen bei der Evaluierung und Verbesserung des rechtlichen, regulatorischen und institutionellen Rahmens der Corporate Governance. Sie benennen die entscheidenden Bausteine eines soliden Corporate-Governance-Rahmens und liefern praktische Hinweise für die Umsetzung auf nationaler Ebene. Zudem dienen die Grundsätze als Orientierungshilfe für Börsen, Investoren, Verbände und sonstige Akteure, die an der Entwicklung einer guten Corporate Governance beteiligt sind.
Africa’s Development Dynamics uses lessons from Central, East, North, Southern and West Africa to develop policy recommendations and share good practices across the continent. Drawing on the most recent statistics, its analysis of development dynamics aims to assist African leaders in reaching the targets of the African Union’s Agenda 2063 at all levels: continental, regional, national and local.
This edition explores how African governments, firms and educational institutions can increase the supply of quality skills, in line with current and future demand, to create jobs and increase productivity. Global trends, like the digital and green transitions, Africa’s demographic growth, and the regionalisation of international trade are shaping future skills demand. The report's two continental chapters examine the gaps in foundational, soft and technical skills and identify policy solutions to develop a skilled workforce. Five regional chapters offer recommendations for skills development in strategic areas including mining, digital technologies, renewable energy and agri-food.
Africa’s Development Dynamics feeds into a policy debate between the African Union’s governments, citizens, entrepreneurs and researchers. It proposes a new collaboration between countries and regions, focusing on mutual learning and the preservation of common goods. This report results from the partnership between the African Union Commission and the OECD Development Centre.
La publication Dynamiques du développement en Afrique tire les leçons des expériences des cinq régions du continent – Afrique australe, centrale, de l’Est, du Nord et de l’Ouest – pour élaborer des recommandations en matière de politiques publiques et partager les bonnes pratiques sur l'ensemble du continent. Étayé par les statistiques les plus récentes, son décryptage des dynamiques de développement vise à permettre aux leaders africains de réaliser la vision stratégique de l'Agenda 2063 à tous les niveaux : continental, régional, national et local.
Cette édition s’intéresse aux leviers à disposition des gouvernements, des entreprises et des établissements d’enseignement pour augmenter l’offre de compétences de qualité sur le continent, en cohérence avec la demande actuelle et future, et en soutien de l’emploi et de la productivité. Elle analyse l’évolution de la demande de compétences à la lumière des mégatendances – transitions numérique et verte, croissance démographique de l’Afrique et régionalisation du commerce international. Deux premiers chapitres dressent un état des lieux, à l’échelle continentale, des déficits de compétences fondamentales, non techniques et techniques, puis suggèrent différents axes d’action pour développer les compétences de la main-d’œuvre africaine. Les cinq chapitres régionaux proposent des recommandations ciblées sur des secteurs d'activité stratégiques tels que l’exploitation minière, l’agroalimentaire, les technologies numériques et les énergies renouvelables.
Cette publication entend nourrir le débat entre gouvernements de l’Union africaine, citoyens, entrepreneurs et chercheurs. Fruit de la collaboration entre la Commission de l’Union africaine et le Centre de développement de l’OCDE, elle propose une nouvelle coopération entre pays et régions, tournée vers l’apprentissage mutuel et la préservation des biens communs.
This report assesses and monitors progress in the design and implementation of SME policies in the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region. It was developed as part of the OECD LAC Regional Programme, in co-operation with CAF-Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean and the Latin American and Caribbean Economic System (SELA). The 2024 report tracks progress made since 2019 across eight policy dimensions and presents the latest key findings on SME development and related policies. It identifies emerging challenges impacting SMEs in the region and provides recommendations for governments to build a successful SME sector. The 2024 edition, the second in the series, benefits from an updated methodology that analyses SME digital transformation support policies, introduces a green economy pilot dimension, and incorporates a cross-cutting gender approach. This edition extends the coverage by introducing two new countries (Brazil and Paraguay) to the already seven participating countries (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay), guaranteeing the inclusion of all members of the Pacific Alliance and Mercosur.
Este informe evalúa y monitorea el progreso en el diseño e implementación de políticas para PyMEs en la región de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC). Ha sido elaborado como parte del Programa Regional ALC de la OCDE, en cooperación con CAF-Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina y el Caribe y el Sistema Económico Latinoamericano y del Caribe (SELA). El reporte de 2024 hace un seguimiento de los progresos realizados desde 2019 en ocho dimensiones de política pública y presenta las últimas conclusiones clave sobre el desarrollo de las PyMEs. Identifica los retos emergentes que afectan a las PyME en la región y ofrece recomendaciones a los gobiernos para construir un sector de PyME exitoso. La edición de 2024, la segunda de la serie, se beneficia de una metodología actualizada que analiza las políticas de apoyo a la transformación digital de las PyMEs, introduce una dimensión piloto de economía verde e incorpora un enfoque transversal de género. Esta edición amplía la cobertura introduciendo dos nuevos países (Brasil y Paraguay) a los ya siete países participantes (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, México, Perú y Uruguay), garantizando la inclusión de todos los miembros de la Alianza del Pacífico y Mercosur.
Este relatório avalia e monitora o progresso na elaboração e implementação de políticas para PMEs na região da América Latina e do Caribe (ALC). Ele foi preparado como parte do Programa Regional da OCDE para a ALC, em cooperação com o CAF-Banco de Desenvolvimento da América Latina e do Caribe e o Sistema Econômico da América Latina e do Caribe (SELA). O relatório 2024 acompanha o progresso desde 2019 em oito dimensões de políticas públicas e apresenta as principais conclusões mais recentes sobre o desenvolvimento das PMEs. Ele identifica os desafios emergentes que afetam as PMEs na região e oferece recomendações aos governos para construir um setor de PMEs bem-sucedido. A edição de 2024, a segunda da série, se beneficia de uma metodologia atualizada que analisa as políticas de apoio à transformação digital das PMEs, introduz uma dimensão piloto de economia verde e incorpora uma abordagem transversal de gênero. Esta edição amplia a cobertura com a introdução de dois novos países (Brasil e Paraguai) aos já sete países participantes (Argentina, Chile, Colômbia, Equador, México, Peru e Uruguai), garantindo a inclusão de todos os membros da Aliança do Pacífico e do Mercosul.