This report documents how the ongoing digital transformation is affecting people’s lives across the 11 key dimensions that make up the How’s Life? Well-being Framework (Income and wealth, Jobs and earnings, Housing, Health status, Education and skills, Work-life balance, Civic engagement and governance, Social connections, Environmental quality, Personal security, and Subjective well-being). A summary of existing studies highlights 39 key impacts of the digital transformation on people’s well-being. The review shows that these impacts can be positive as digital technologies expand the boundaries of information availability and enhance human productivity, but can also imply risks for people’s well-being, ranging from cyber-bullying to the emergence of disinformation or cyber-hacking. In sum, making digitalisation work for people’s well-being would require building equal digital opportunities, widespread digital literacy and strong digital security. Continued research and efforts in improving statistical frameworks will be needed to expand our knowledge on the many topics covered in this report.

This new OECD report on the ocean economy emphasises the growing importance of science and technologies in improving the sustainable economic development of our seas and ocean. Marine ecosystems sit at the heart of many of the world’s global challenges: food, medicines, new sources of clean energy, climate regulation, job creation and inclusive growth. But we need to safeguard and improve the health of marine ecosystems to support our ever-growing use of marine resources. Innovation in science and technology will play a key role in reconciling these two objectives. This report identifies three priority areas for action based on a number of in-depth case studies: 1) approaches that produce win-win outcomes for ocean business and the ocean environment across a range of marine and maritime applications; 2) the creation of ocean-economy innovation networks; and 3) new pioneering initiatives to improve measurement of the ocean economy.

2년릴다 갂행되는 OECD 디지털경젗 젂망서는 디지털 경젗의 벾화와 발젂, 새롡게 부상하는 기회와 도젂 과젗를 조사하고 묷서화핚다. OECD 국가와 파트너 국가들이 공공 정챀 목적을 달성하기 위핬 정보통싞기술(ICT)과 읶터넷을 어떻게 홗용하고 잇는지 강조핚다. 비교 증거를 통핬 정챀 입앆자에게 혁싞과 포용적 성장의 동읶으로서 디지털 경젗의 잠재력을 극대화하는 데 도움이 되는 규젗 곾행 및 정챀 옵션에 대핬 알려죾다.

Over the past two decades, most Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries have experienced robust economic growth and been able to make significant reductions in poverty and income inequality. However, growth in the region was not strong enough to ensure convergence towards levels of per capita income observed in advanced OECD economies. An important part of this underperformance can be explained by weak productivity growth. Should this weakness persist, it will be very difficult for LAC countries to achieve better lives for the majority of families. The present publication portrays the situation of LAC countries and discusses best-practice policies. Participation in global value chains is encouraged to enable knowledge spillovers and a process of learning by doing. More regional trade integration would help this process, as Latin America ranks very low and remains a sizeable outlier. The diffusion of knowledge and technology would be facilitated by making it easier to do business, notably allowing new entrants that are facing high barriers to operate and grow. Improved access to education is important to meet the demand for skills, and to boost innovation and research and development, which is particularly true in a context of fast technological change.

Cette édition 2018 de la publication Statistiques de l'OCDE sur les dépenses en recherche et développement dans l'industrie présente les dépenses de R-D ventilés par secteur secondaire et tertiaire. Les statistiques sont libellées en dollars des É-U courants et constants et portent sur 31 pays de l’OCDE et quatre économies non membres. La couverture d'ANBERD inclut plusieurs secteurs, couvrant notamment de nombreux secteurs de services. Les données sont déclarées selon la classification CITI révision 4. Cette publication est une source unique de données détaillées sur la R-D industrielle comparables au niveau international, ce qui en fait un outil irremplaçable pour l'analyse et la recherche économiques.

This 2018 edition of OECD Research and Development Expenditure in Industry provides statistical data on R&D expenditure broken down by industrial and service sectors. Data are presented in current and constant USD PPP values. Coverage is provided for 31 OECD countries and four non-member economies. The coverage of ANBERD includes multiple sectors, with extended coverage of service sectors according to ISIC Revision 4 classification. This publication is a unique source of detailed internationally-comparable business R&D data, making it an invaluable tool for economic research and analysis.

Over the past two decades, Austria has become one of the most R&D intensive economies among OECD countries and in the world, dedicating 3.1% of its GDP on R&D in 2016, the second highest figure in the European Union. To fully harness this R&D capacity, Austrian innovation policy needs to put a stronger emphasis on efficiency in transforming R&D inputs into impacts. To achieve higher impacts, Austria also needs to steer its research and innovation system towards leadership excellence in global markets. This requires enhanced international attractiveness for top-level researchers and talent, and a conducive environment for highly innovative enterprises. Austria could also benefit from strengthening R&D and innovation to support key transitions, such as digitalisation and Industry 4.0, and to tackle key societal challenges. The STI policy mix and governance arrangements should be adapted accordingly.

El objetivo fundamental de la información recogida en estas directrices del Manual de Frascati es servir de ayuda a los responsables de la toma de decisiones, en especial los responsables de la formulación de políticas públicas. Al tiempo que los datos de I+D han pasado a ser más accesibles y ocupan un lugar más destacado en el debate público, esta información también se ha convertido en un componente importante del diálogo político y social sobre el uso y el impacto de estos recursos. Existe una gran concienciación de que los datos de I+D, ya sean solos o combinados con otra información, pueden proporcionar sólo parcialmente la base para la toma de decisiones. Sin embargo, siempre y cuando los gobiernos, los líderes empresariales y el público reconozcan las características especiales de la I+D y le confieran un estatus especial, la medición del esfuerzo humano y económico dedicado a tal labor continuará jugando un papel fundamental en la mayor parte de las evidencias estadísticas requeridas por las sociedades de todo el mundo. Facilitar esta tarea es precisamente el objetivo de la séptima edición de este manual.

The public sectors of African Portuguese-speaking countries and Timor-Leste (PALOP-TL) have made significant progress in mobilising digital technologies to promote internal efficiency, simplify government procedures and improve the delivery of public services. Nevertheless, fully harnessing these technologies to improve growth, opportunities for income and employment, and public service delivery requires a more profound shift from efficiency-driven to citizen-driven approaches. This cross-country review of the digital transformation of the public sectors in Angola, Cabo Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Sao Tome and Principe and Timor-Leste reviews progress towards digital government and suggests strategies for enabling more effective, collaborative and sustainable digital government policies and approaches in PALOP-TL countries. These recommendations address three main areas: digital solutions for the delivery of core government functions, foundations for a digital government transformation, and digital services for citizens and businesses.

As administrações públicas dos Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa e Timor-Leste (PALOP-TL) fizeram progressos significativos na mobilização de tecnologias digitais para a promoção da eficiência interna, simplificação de procedimentos e melhoria da prestação de serviços públicos. No entanto, o total aproveitamento dessas tecnologias para estimular o crescimento, a produtividade e emprego, assim como para assegurar a prestação de serviços públicos, requer uma transição profunda de abordagens centradas na promoção da eficiência para abordagens assentes na iniciativa dos cidadãos. O presente estudo comparado da transformação digital dos sectores públicos em Angola, Cabo Verde, Guiné-Bissau, Moçambique, São Tomé e Príncipe e Timor-Leste analisa os progressos no desenvolvimento do governo digital e propõe a adoção de estratégias que possibilitem políticas e abordagens de governo digital mais eficazes, colaborativas e sustentáveis na região PALOP-TL. As recomendações formuladas abordam três domínios centrais: soluções digitais para o exercício de funções essenciais de governo, bases para um governo digital e serviços digitais para cidadãos e empresas.

Like most OECD countries, Brazil has been taking steps towards digital government to ensure that public policies and services are more inclusive, convenient and designed to meet citizens’ needs. This report takes stock of the progress made by the Brazilian government, based on good practices and principles in OECD countries, and provides recommendations to help Brazil drive its digital transformation of the public sector.

Science, technologie et innovation : Perspectives de l'OCDE est une publication bisannuelle visant à informer les décideurs et les analystes sur les changements récents et possibles des modèles de la science, la technologie et de l'innovation (STI) et leurs implications potentielles pour les politiques nationales et internationales. L'édition de 2018 est composée de 14 chapitres concis qui mettent en lumière plusieurs sujets pertinents pour les agendas politiques actuels en matière de STI. Ceux-ci abordent notamment les opportunités et les défis, découlant d’un meilleur accès aux données, pour la science et l’innovation; la manière dont les objectifs de développement durable des Nations Unies façonnent les agendas politiques de la STI; les impacts de l'intelligence artificielle sur la science et la fabrication; l'influence de la numérisation sur la manière dont les activités de recherche et d'innovation, et les mesures politiques qui les soutiennent, sont mesurées et évaluées; et de nouvelles approches en matière de gouvernance technologique et de conception des politiques.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a large and growing problem with the potential for enormous health and economic consequences, globally. As such, AMR has become a central issue at the top of the public health agenda of OECD countries and beyond. In this report, OECD used advanced techniques, including machine learning, ensemble modelling and a microsimulation model, to provide support for policy action in the human health sector. AMR rates are high and are projected to grow further, particularly for second- and third-line antibiotics, and if no effective action is taken this is forecasted to produce a significant health and economic burden in OECD and EU28 countries. This burden can be addressed by implementing effective public health initiatives. This report reviews policies currently in place in high-income countries and identifies a set of ‘best buys’ to tackle AMR that, if scaled up at the national level, would provide an affordable and cost-effective instrument in the fight against AMR.

This report looks at how scientific advice can best support crisis management during transnational crises, such as those provoked by natural hazards or pandemics. Scientific advice has an important role to play in all phases of the crisis management cycle - preparedness, response and recovery.  It can be particularly valuable during the sense-making period when a crisis occurs and develops.  However, this value is dependent on the quality and timeliness of the advice and most importantly its relevance to the decisions that crisis managers and policy-makers have to make during a crisis. Generating rigorous scientific advice requires access to relevant data, information and expertise, across scientific disciplines and across borders. Ensuring this advice is useful requires effective connections between scientific advisory processes and crisis management mechanisms, including at the international level.

Od ponad pięćdziesięciu lat Podręcznik Frascati jest międzynarodowym standardem, a obecnie stał się on już standardem ogólnoświatowym. Wykorzystanie danych statystycznych na temat działalności badawczej i rozwojowej (B+R), opartych na wytycznych zawartych w niniejszym podręczniku, zyskało na znaczeniu, a dane statystyczne są wykorzystywane w wielu obszarach polityki publicznej, a także w wielu krajach poza OECD. Podręcznik stanowi podstawę wspólnej terminologii niezbędnej do mówienia o działalności B+R i jej wynikach. Ze względu na szerokie zastosowanie podręcznika oraz obecność zawartych w nim definicji w innych międzynarodowych podręcznikach i przepisach krajowych, definicja działalności B+R oraz jej komponentów została zachowana w postaci zbliżonej do definicji przedstawionych w poprzednich edycjach. Więcej uwagi poświęcono natomiast określeniu granic między tym, co można, a czego nie można zaklasyfikować jako działalność B+R, a także na udzieleniu odpowiedzi na nowe wymogi w zakresie statystyk sfery B+R. Przykładem może być decyzja o klasyfikowaniu nakładów na działalność B+R jako nakładów inwestycyjnych w ogólnoświatowym Systemie Rachunków Narodowych (System of National Accounts, w skrócie SNA), co wymaga zwrócenia większej uwagi na przepływy środków finansowych przeznaczonych na działalność B+R. W związku z szerokim rozpowszechnieniem zachęt podatkowych służących wspieraniu prac B+R, w podręczniku dodano odrębny rozdział poświęcony temu zagadnieniu. Dodano także nowy rozdział poświęcony globalizacji i jej skutkom dla statystyki sfery B+R. Aby zachować aktualność, podręcznik w szerokim zakresie wykorzystuje aneksy dostępne online.