La pression démographique et la forte augmentation de la population jeune posent un défi majeur en matière d'emploi, exacerbé par la création insuffisante d'emplois, la rareté des opportunités d'emploi salarié formel et la vulnérabilité sur le lieu de travail. Encourager l'entrepreneuriat jeune a par conséquent pris de l'importance dans l'agenda politique de développement au niveau national et global. Cet ouvrage vise à contribuer au débat actuel sur le rôle de l'entrepreneuriat jeune dans la création d'emplois dans les pays en développement. Il se fonde sur l'analyse d'enquêtes sur la main-d'œuvre et les entreprises réalisées en Côte d'Ivoire, à Madagascar, au Pérou et au Viet Nam, ainsi que sur des évaluations de l’impact de programmes d'entrepreneuriat. Par ces résultats, le rapport enrichit le débat global sur l'entrepreneuriat jeune sur trois plans. Premièrement, il permet de saisir les situations réelles et les multiples visages des jeunes entrepreneurs dans une sélection de pays en développement. Deuxièmement, il fournit de nouvelles données empiriques sur les déterminants de la performance de l'entrepreneuriat jeune. Enfin, il propose une feuille de route politique basée sur les leçons apprises de méta-analyses récentes sur l'efficacité des programmes d'entrepreneuriat.     

The biennial OECD Digital Economy Outlook examines and documents evolutions and emerging opportunities and challenges in the digital economy. It highlights how OECD countries and partner economies are taking advantage of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the Internet to meet their public policy objectives. Through comparative evidence, it informs policy makers of regulatory practices and policy options to help maximise the potential of the digital economy as a driver for innovation and inclusive growth.

The publication is produced by the OECD-Eurostat Entrepreneurship Indicators Programme based on official statistics. The 2017 edition features a new trends chapter, which also introduces recent developments related to the emergence of the "gig economy" and the use of digital tools by micro-enterprises.

En complément des Perspectives économiques de l’OCDE et des Études économiques de l’OCDE. Objectif croissance est la publication annuelle de l’OCDE consacrée aux réformes structurelles jugées prioritaires pour rehausser les revenus dans les pays de l’OCDE et dans certains pays non membres de l’Organisation (l’Afrique du Sud, l'Argentine, le Brésil, la République populaire de Chine, la Colombie, le Costa Rica, la Fédération de Russie, l’Inde, l’Indonésie et la Lithuanie). Les priorités d’action identifiées sont actualisées tous les deux ans et présentées dans un rapport complet, incluant des notes par pays dans lesquelles sont formulées des recommandations précises correspondant à ces priorités. La sélection des priorités et le suivi des réformes sont supportés par un ensemble d’indicateurs comparables au niveau international, ce qui permet aux pays d’évaluer leur performance économique et leurs politiques publiques dans un large éventail de domaines. En plus du nouvel ensemble de priorités de politiques publiques et de notes par pays, le rapport 2017 contient un chapitre spécial présentant de quelle manière le cadre d’analyse d’Objectif croissance a été étendu pour identifier un ensemble de réformes pour rehausser la croissance et assurer que celle-ci soit inclusive.

Norway has long used technology to streamline processes within the public sector and bring the government closer to citizens and businesses. Now the country is going further, seeking to transform its public sector through the full assimilation of digital technologies. The goal is to make it more efficient, collaborative, user- and data-driven, and better able to respond to the changing needs and expectations of citizens and businesses. This review analyses the efforts under way and provides policy advice to support the Norwegian government in implementing digital government.

Brazil’s Federal Court of Accounts, the Tribunal de Contas da União (TCU), is seeking to go beyond its traditional oversight role and help improve policy formulation, implementation and evaluation. This report identifies ways TCU can achieve this by applying principles of good governance to areas such policy coherence, strategic and long-term budgeting, internal control and risk management, and monitoring and evaluation. It suggests concrete steps TCU can take to adapt its own strategies, approaches and audit programming to provide valuable insight and foresight to policy makers in the centre of government. In this way, it can help ensure that policies and programmes are forward looking and based on evidence.

Kazakhstan is aware of the importance of innovation for its socio-economic development, including the diversification of its resource-based economy. Since the start of the millennium, Kazakhstan has put in place key components of a modern research and innovation system. This has helped  improve scientific output and resulted in some successes in technology commercialisation. Further commitment and effort will be needed to strengthen innovation capabilities and make the most of Kazakhstan‘s advantages. This requires further reforms in order, notably, to strengthen the funding model of universities, intensify and broaden knowledge transfer, improve the governance of the research and innovation system, and increase the effectiveness of innovation incentives and policies, with a focus on implementation and evaluation.

Following a remarkable transformation in the past century in research and innovation, in particular through the development of new technologies and processes in sectors such as oil and gas, shipbuilding and also fisheries and aquaculture, Norway is today increasingly facing a “triple transition imperative” in which it needs, first, to shift toward a more diversified and robust economy; second, to move to a more competitive, effective and efficient innovation system; and third, to support research and innovation activities that can confront an array of societal challenges (climate change, food security, aging, health and so on). The Long-Term Plan for Research and Higher Education 2015-2024 (LTP) launched by the Norwegian government has set the base to enhance the capacity of the research and higher education system to cope with these transition challenges. This report proposes recommendations to take advantage of the revision of this comprehensive strategic plan in 2018 to improve the horizontal coordination and add more concrete structural policy initiatives, without changing the plan’s general orientation nor giving up the sectorial and the consensus principles that form the basis of Norwegian policy making.

Demographic pressure and the youth bulge in the developing world pose a major employment challenge. This situation is exacerbated by insufficient job creation, scarce formal wage employment opportunities and vulnerability in the workplace. For these reasons, fostering youth entrepreneurship has gained importance in the global and national development policy agenda. This report aims to contribute to the ongoing debate on the role of youth entrepreneurship in generating employment in developing countries. It is based on the analysis of mixed labour force and enterprise surveys conducted in Côte d’Ivoire, Madagascar, Peru and Viet Nam, as well as evidence on the impact of entrepreneurship programmes. This report’s findings add to the global debate on youth entrepreneurship in three important ways. First, it constitutes an unprecedented effort to capture the real situations and multiple faces of young entrepreneurs in selected developing countries. Second, it provides new empirical evidence on the determinants of youth entrepreneurial performance. Third, it proposes a policy roadmap based on lessons learned from recent meta-analyses of the effectiveness of entrepreneurship programmes.

Although Finland achieved a widely acclaimed transformation to become a leading knowledge-based economy in the late 20th century, the 2009 recession and disruptive change contributing to a deep restructuring of the information and communication technology (ICT) industry and the downsizing of traditional sectors have weighed on the economy, productivity growth and international competitiveness. Numerous policy reforms have since been undertaken, and public and private investment, especially in applied R&D, has been cut back. Strengthening and lifting Finland’s innovation system out of a period of uncertainty requires a coherent and unified new vision for science, technology and innovation (STI), renewed investment and policy instruments. This vision should be oriented towards renewal tackling societal challenges and developing new knowledge-based competitive advantages at global scale. Success calls for better co-ordination and co-operation among policy actors and national and regional-levels, and further internationalisation.

This Review focuses on improving access to quality and timely services for citizens as a means to facilitate inclusive growth in the Dominican Republic. Despite its macroeconomic performance in the last decade, poverty and levels of inequalities remain high in the Dominican Republic. At the same time, citizens report limited satisfaction with the quality and access to services in the country, often reflected in less than optimal outcomes in areas such as health, transport or education. The review's focus on service delivery offers the opportunity to apply the concepts and tools of public governance at an operational level and with immediate implications for the government-citizen relationship. The inclusion of multidisciplinary good practices, collected through OECD work on public sector management, digital government, innovation or administrative simplification, allows a comprehensive but integrated assessment of the use of public policy levers for optimizing service design and delivery. By covering aspects relating both to the competence of government – in terms of the quality, timeliness and effectiveness of public services – and to the principles governing the provision of services – including engagement, accountability or inclusiveness, this review identifies policy recommendations to improve access, coverage and quality of public services, regardless of income levels, location and other social and economic factors – as a key lever to achieve more inclusive growth. 
 

Este informe se enfoca en mejorar el acceso a servicios oportunos y de calidad para los ciudadanos como un medio para facilitar el crecimiento inclusivo en la República Dominicana. A pesar de su buen desempeño macroeconómico en la última década, la pobreza y los niveles de desigualdad en el país siguen siendo altos. Al mismo tiempo, los ciudadanos manifiestan una satisfacción limitada con la calidad y el acceso a los servicios en el país, que a menudo se refleja en resultados menos que óptimos en áreas como la salud, el transporte o la educación. El enfoque del informe en la prestación de servicios ofrece la oportunidad de aplicar los conceptos y herramientas de la gobernanza pública a nivel operacional y con implicaciones inmediatas para la relación gobierno-ciudadano. La inclusión de buenas prácticas multidisciplinarias, recogidas a través de los trabajos de la OCDE sobre gestión del sector público, gobierno digital, innovación o simplificación administrativa, permite una evaluación completa e integrada del uso de las herramientas de políticas públicas para optimizar el diseño y la prestación de servicios. Esta revisión, que abarca aspectos relativos tanto a la competencia del gobierno -en términos de calidad, oportunidad y eficacia de los servicios públicos- como a los principios que rigen la prestación de servicios -incluyendo la participación, la rendición de cuentas o la inclusión- identifica recomendaciones de política pública para mejorar el acceso, la cobertura y la calidad de los servicios públicos, independientemente de los niveles de ingresos, ubicación y otros factores sociales y económicos, como una herramienta clave para lograr un crecimiento más inclusivo.

This 2016 edition of OECD Research and Development Expenditure in Industry provides statistical data on R&D expenditure broken down by industrial and service sectors. Data are presented in current and constant USD PPP values. Coverage is provided for 31 OECD countries and four non-member economies. The coverage of ANBERD includes multiple sectors, with extended coverage of service sectors according to ISIC Revision 4 classification. This publication is a unique source of detailed internationally-comparable business R&D data, making it an invaluable tool for economic research and analysis.

This publication examines the opportunities and challenges, for business and government, associated with technologies bringing about the “next production revolution”. These include a variety of digital technologies (e.g. the Internet of Things and advanced robotics), industrial biotechnology, 3D printing, new materials and nanotechnology. Some of these technologies are already used in production, while others will be available in the near future. All are developing rapidly. As these technologies transform the production and the distribution of goods and services, they will have far-reaching consequences for productivity, skills, income distribution, well-being and the environment. The more that governments and firms understand how production could develop in the near future, the better placed they will be to address the risks and reap the benefits.

Ces dernières années ont été marquées par un phénomène de rejet de la mondialisation. Jamais les coûts d’une ouverture et d’une connectivité accrues – y compris les conséquences de la libéralisation des échanges et de l’investissement – n'ont été autant mis en balance avec leurs avantages, bien des voix se faisant entendre pour plaider en faveur d’une pause, voire d’une inversion, du mouvement mondial d’intégration qui a été la marque des trois dernières décennies. Si ce rejet s’explique par de multiples raisons économiques, sociales et politiques, on dispose d'éléments en nombre suffisant montrant que les oubliés de la mondialisation sont nombreux, en particulier dans la moitié inférieure de l’échelle de distribution des revenus, notamment dans les pays avancés. Ce rejet montre que nous devons agir rapidement pour remettre la mondialisation sur les rails et nous assurer que ses avantages seront plus équitablement partagés. Les conséquences d’une possible inversion de l’intégration mondiale pourraient être graves : un regain de protectionnisme pourrait se traduire par une perte nette de richesse et d’opportunités, et l’adoption de politiques de repli national mettrait en péril nombre des avancées acquises au fil des dernières décennies.