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This special issue of STI Review focuses on technology and sustainable development.

French

The Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce are designed to help ensure that consumers are no less protected when shopping on line than they are when they buy from their local store or order from a catalogue. By setting out the core characteristics of effective consumer protection for online business-to-consumer transactions, the Guidelines are intended to help eliminate some of the uncertainties that both consumers and businesses encounter when buying and selling on line. The Guidelines reflect existing legal protections available to consumers in more traditional forms of commerce. Their aim is to encourage: - fair business, advertising and marketing practices; - clear information about an online business’s identity, the goods or services it offers and the terms and conditions of any transaction; - a transparent process for the confirmation of transactions; - secure payment mechanisms; - fair, timely and affordable dispute resolution and redress; - privacy protection; and - consumer and business education.

Swedish, Slovak, Portuguese, Finnish, German, All

Les technologies de l'information (TI) ont une forte incidence sur l'économie, la croissance et la structure de la production, sur les métiers et l'emploi ainsi que sur la façon dont les gens gèrent leur temps. L'édition 2000 des Perspectives des technologies de l'information de l'OCDE fait le point sur la croissance rapide de l'offre et de la demande de biens et services liés aux technologies de l'information tout en analysant leur rôle dans l'essor de l'économie de l’Internet et en repérant les nouvelles utilisations qui en sont faites. Cette publication montre clairement l'étendue et la diversité d'une technologie qui est à l’origine d’une mutation économique et sociale. Elle s'appuie sur de nouvelles sources de données nationales officielles qui deviennent progressivement disponibles à mesure que s'améliore le suivi statistique de l'économie de l'information.

English

Information technology (IT) is significantly affecting the economy, the growth and structure of output, occupations and employment and how people use their time. The OECD Information Technology Outlook 2000 describes the rapid growth in the supply and demand for information technology goods and services and their role in the expanding Internet economy and looks at emerging uses of information technology. It reflects the spread and diversity of a technology that is underpinning economic and social transformation. It makes use of the new official national sources of data which are becoming available as statistical mapping of the information economy improves.

French
  • 21 Feb 2000
  • OECD
  • Pages: 544

This publication provides recent basic statistics on the resources devoted to R&D in OECD countries in terms of, inter alia, expenditure by source of funds, type of costs, personnel by occupation or level of qualification, at national level by performance sector, for enterprises by industry, and for higher education by field of science. In addition, it provides information on the output of science and technology activities: technology balance of payments and patents.

This report on steel capacity developments in non-OECD countries is done every two years. It reviews available material on existing capacity and on likely developments through 2000. To the extent possible, expectations beyond 2000 are also reflected. The Appendix to the report presents detailed information on existing and proposed steelmaking capacity and equipment in non-OECD countries on a plant-by-plant basis.

  • 20 Jan 2000
  • OECD
  • Pages: 84

This twice yearly, bilingual publication contains data on the scientific and technological performance of OECD countries.  These data include final or provisional results and government forecasts covering such topics as resources devoted to research and development, patents, the technology balance of payments and international trade in the high-technology industries. Supporting background series, used in combination with Science & Technology series to calculate indicators, are also included. Indicators are presented for the last seven years for which data are available.

  • 06 Dec 1999
  • OECD
  • Pages: 418
 

Both firms, keen to improve their competitiveness, and governments, keen to exploit new sources of economic and social progress, need to understand how innovation works in order to better stimulate it. The paradox of innovation is that it uses co-operation to enhance competition and to link many different actors in innovative clusters. In a knowledge-based economy, these clusters of innovative firms form around sources of knowledge. They are based on a sophisticated infrastructure in which knowledge is developed, shared and exchanged, and are characterised by highly concentrated and effective links between entrepreneurs, investors and researchers. Clusters can take a variety of forms, depending on their main technological and commercial areas of specialisation. In most cases they operate within localised geographical areas and interact within larger innovation systems at the regional, national and international level. With globalisation, dynamic clusters are becoming key factors in a country’s capacity to attract the international investment that generates new technological expertise, to interest investors in innovation (venture capital, etc.) and to benefit from the international mobility of skilled personnel. This book reviews the latest economic research on these issues, shows how technology policy makers in OECD countries are making practical use of the concept of clusters and suggests how government policies to foster innovation might best be refocused.

Les progrès des technologies de l’information et des communications (TIC) jouent un rôle déterminant dans l'évolution du système scientifique : ils induisent de nouveaux changements dans les pratiques professionnelles des chercheurs tout en renforçant certaines mutations déjà amorcées. En effet, l’infrastructure des TIC a un impact considérable sur tous les aspects de l’activité scientifique, depuis la capacité des scientifiques à accéder aux données et à l’information, jusqu’à la capacité de communiquer et de diffuser les résultats de la recherche, en passant par les possibilités de collaboration mondiale. Ce numéro de la STI Revue examine l’évolution de l’infrastructure des TIC dans la zone OCDE, il montre quel atout ce puissant outil constitue pour les travaux des scientifiques et met l'accent sur le rôle que les pouvoirs publics ont à jouer pour que les TIC servent la science au mieux. Ce numéro s’appuie sur les travaux de la deuxième Conférence sur le village mondial de la recherche, tenue à Sintra (au Portugal) les 17 et 18 septembre 1998, et organisée conjointement par le Ministère portugais de la Science et de la Technologie et l’OCDE.

English

This issue of the STI Review examines the development of ICT infrastructure in the OECD area, reveals how this powerful tool supports the work of scientists and highlights the role of government in realising the potential of ICT for science. It is based on the Global Research Village II Conference, held in Sintra, Portugal on 17-18 September 1998 and organised jointly by the Portuguese Ministry for Science and Technology and the OECD.

French

En raison des progrès rapides accomplis aujourd'hui par la science et la technologie, les économies sont de plus en plus fondées sur le savoir et intégrées dans l'économie mondiale. Ces évolutions se renforcent mutuellement et stimulent la diffusion des idées et technologies nouvelles, donnant ainsi naissance à de nouvelles formes de concurrence et de coopération. Plus que jamais il est indispensable de mesurer les tendances et les changements structurels de la science, de la technologie et de l'industrie. Cet ouvrage analyse les économies fondées sur le savoir, le défi de la globalisation, les performances économiques et la compétitivité des pays de l'OCDE dans douze domaines principaux*. Il leur permet ainsi de comparer leurs performances respectives et de mesurer leur degré de préparation aux défis de demain, ainsi que les domaines où ils devront consentir de plus grands efforts. Cet ouvrage s'appuie principalement sur les données statistiques les plus récentes de l'OCDE. En plus de nombreux indicateurs de base déjà présents dans les éditions précédentes (tels que l'intensité de la R-D, la pénétration des exportations ou la mesure de la productivité), il propose de nouveaux indicateurs (tels que les investissements immatériels, le taux de pénétration des ordinateurs ou les activités de commerce électronique) qui donnent une image plus fidèle de l'économie fondée sur le savoir. Plus de 120 graphiques illustrent les 45 rubriques de cet ouvrage dont les conclusions principales sont présentées de façon très synthétique. Indicateurs et sources des données font également l'objet de notes méthodologiques. Enfin, l'annexe offre les statistiques internationales comparables les plus récentes de la science, de la technologie et de l'industrie et décrit les bases de données de l'OCDE dont elles sont tirées.

English

Today’s rapid advances in science and technology mean that economies have become more and more knowledge-based and globalised. These developments are mutually reinforcing; they encourage diffusion of new ideas and technologies and give rise to new forms of competition and co-operation. More than ever, it is essential to monitor trends and structural shifts in science, technology and industry. This book examines the knowledge-based economy, the challenge of globalisation, and economic performance and competitiveness of OECD countries under twelve main headings. It allows Member countries to compare their performance to that of other countries and to see how well prepared they are to meet future challenges and where greater efforts will be needed. This book mainly builds on the OECD’s most recent internationally comparable statistical data. It includes many standard indicators contained in previous editions (such as R&D intensity, import penetration and productivity measures) as well as a range of new indicators (such as intangible investments, computer penetration and electronic commerce activity) that better reflect innovative performance and related outputs of a knowledge-based economy. In addition to presenting some 45 topics in the form of over 120 graphs and the most important findings in the form of bullet points, this volume contains methodological notes on indicators and data sources. An annex presents OECD databases and the latest internationally comparable OECD statistics on science, technology and industry.

French
  • 14 Sept 1999
  • OECD
  • Pages: 88

This twice yearly, bilingual publication contains data on the scientific and technological performance of OECD countries. These data include final or provisional results and government forecasts covering such topics as resources devoted to research and development, patents, the technology balance of payments and international trade in the high-technology industries. Supporting background series, used in combination with Science & Technology series to calculate indicators, are also included. Indicators are presented for the last seven years for which data are available.

  • 14 Sept 1999
  • OECD
  • Pages: 256

Les services stratégiques aux entreprises, que cet ouvrage étudie dans 21 pays de l'OCDE, englobent les services de logiciels et de traitement de l'information, les services de recherche-développement (R-D) et techniques, les services de marketing, d'organisation de l'entreprise (services de conseil en gestion et de recrutement du personnel), et de mise en valeur des ressources humaines. Ces services se sont développés à un rythme d’environ 10 % par an, leur chiffre d’affaires cumulé devant avoisiner 1 500 milliards de dollars des États-Unis en 1999. Ces services, qui sont créateurs d’emplois, représentent au moins 11 millions d’emplois directs dans les pays de l’OCDE. Au milieu des années 90, les services d’organisation de l’entreprise étaient le principal employeur avec 3,6 millions d’emplois dans les services de recrutement de personnel et 1,5 million dans le conseil en gestion.

L’excellente performance de ce secteur tient à de nombreux facteurs : l'évolution générale de l’économie vers les services, la montée des économies fondées sur le savoir, le besoin d'une plus grande flexibilité au sein des entreprises, la spécialisation et la division accrue du travail dans de nombreux secteurs, le recours des entreprises bien établies à la sous-traitance et la tendance à privilégier les petites unités de production et entreprises.

Les pouvoirs publics peuvent influencer la demande de services aux entreprises en favorisant les investissements incorporels du secteur privé dans la R-D, dans la formation et l'éducation et dans l'organisation de l'entreprise, et en soutenant l’offre de ces services à travers toute une série d’organismes intermédiaires. La fourniture de services stratégiques aux entreprises est considérée comme essentielle pour améliorer la performance et la compétitivité des PME.
Pays couverts Allemagne Australie Autriche Canada Danemark Espagne États-Unis Finlande France Irlande Italie Japon Mexique Norvège Nouvelle-Zélande Pays-Bas Portugal Royaume-Uni Suède Suisse Turquie

English
  • 14 Sept 1999
  • OECD
  • Pages: 98

Universities are key elements in the science systems in all OECD countries. However, university research in OECD countries is currently the object of considerable tensions in a context of globalisation, reduced budgets and a changing interface with industry. How can universities adapt to this new order? How can the potential of university research best be enhanced?

This study surveys these issues, consolidating the most up-to-date data on resources and structures of research activities in higher education systems and providing illustrative examples of institutional adaptations. It discusses related government measures and formulates policy orientations to enable countries to rise to the challenges of the coming years.

  • 13 Sept 1999
  • OECD
  • Pages: 227

Strategic business services, examined in twenty-one OECD country case studies in this book, comprise services in computer software and information processing, research and development and technical testing, marketing, business organisation (management consultancy and labour recruitment) and human resource development. This sector has been growing at around 10% per year, and overall turnover for 1999 is likely to be close to USD 1.5 trillion. These services create jobs in OECD countries, directly employing at least 11 million persons. Business organisation services were the major employer, with 3.6 million people in personnel recruitment services and 1.5 million in management consultancy in the mid-1990s.

This sector’s strong performance is driven by the general shift towards services, the rise of the knowledge-based economy, the need for greater flexibility within firms, specialisation and increased division of labour in many areas, outsourcing by established firms, and the trend towards smaller production units and firms.
Governments influence the demand for business services by promoting private sector investment in intangibles such as R&D, training and education and business organisation, and by supporting the supply of these services through a range of intermediary agencies. The provision of strategic business services is seen as key to improving the performance and competitiveness of small and medium-sized firms.
Countries covered Australia Austria Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Japan Mexico Netherlands Norway New Zealand Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States

French
  • 21 May 1999
  • OECD
  • Pages: 112
 

With the emergence of a knowledge-based society, innovation has become an increasingly important factor in the competitiveness of firms, the prosperity of nations and dynamic world growth. Innovation uses scientific progress to meet the changing needs of society and is thus one of the keys to sustainable development. Promoting innovation is now a high priority in most OECD countries. However, the pursuit of this objective is often hampered by an inadequate understanding of the extent to which the mechanisms of innovation are being transformed by globalisation, the development of information and communications technologies and the expanding scientific knowledge base. Drawing on new empirical data, this book analyses the fundamental changes in the linkages between industry and the science system as well as in the nature of the competencies required for firms to innovate. The changes which are transforming the respective roles of competition and co-operation in stimulating innovation and which are enabling enterprise creation and SMIs to play an increasingly active role in innovation are also examined. This book shows that innovation performance depends on the way in which the different components of the "innovation system" -- businesses, universities and other research bodies - interact with one another at the local, national and international levels, and concludes that the public authorities must change their approach to the promotion of innovation. This study defines the aims and tools of this new innovation policy and identifies examples of good policy practice recently implemented in OECD countries.

French
  • 21 May 1999
  • OECD
  • Pages: 124

Avec l’émergence d’une économie fondée sur le savoir, l’innovation détermine plus que jamais la capacité concurrentielle des entreprises, la prospérité des nations et le dynamisme de la croissance mondiale. Elle mobilise le progrès scientifique au service des besoins évolutifs de la société et constitue ainsi l’une des clés d’un développement durable. La promotion de l’innovation s’affiche aujourd’hui comme une haute priorité dans la plupart des pays de l’OCDE. Cet objectif se heurte toutefois souvent à une compréhension insuffisante de la portée des transformations du processus d’innovation, que celles-ci soient produites par la mondialisation, le développement des technologies de l’information et des communications, ou l’élargissement de la base de connaissances scientifiques.
A partir de données empiriques nouvelles, cet ouvrage montre combien les liens qui existent entre l’industrie et le système scientifique se trouvent transformés et analyse la nature des compétences nécessaires pour innover. Il rend également compte des mutations qui modifient les rôles respectifs de la concurrence et de la coopération en matière d'innovation et prend toute la mesure de l'impulsion croissante que la création d’entreprises et les PME donnent à la dynamique d’innovation. A la lumière de cette publication, il apparaît que la performance en matière d’innovation dépend de manière cruciale de la façon dont interagissent, aux niveaux local, national et mondial, les différents éléments constitutifs du « système d’innovation » que sont les entreprises, les universités et les autres organismes de recherche. D'où la nécessité pour les pouvoirs publics de modifier leur approche de la promotion de l’innovation. Cette étude énonce les objectifs et définit les instruments de cette nouvelle politique de l’innovation tout en identifiant certaines mesures exemplaires prises récemment dans les pays de l'OCDE.

English
  • 06 May 1999
  • OECD
  • Pages: 149
This annual publication presents R&D expenditure data (ANBERD) for 15 OECD countries, as well as a zone total for the European Union. It then presents data on R&D researchers, scientists and engineers (ANRSE) for the G7 countries. These data cover 22 years for 34 industrial sectors.
  • 04 May 1999
  • OECD
  • Pages: 128

How can the social and behavioural sciences contribute more effectively to solving the problems of society? Authoritative experts and policy makers examine the current state and status of the social sciences and present their views on what needs to be done. The authors, who represent OECD countries with diverse traditions and experience, discuss in particular the need to restructure social sciences, to better link them to policy making, to strengthen related basic research, to take advantage of progress made in information technologies for large-scale surveys and data storage, etc. Illustrative developments concern youth and urban problems, education reforms, immigration and environmental policies.

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