Transgenic mice have become of central importance for basic biological research, and for understanding diseases involving malfunction of the genetic machinery. The value of these animals as research tools may extend far beyond the purposes of the research project for which they were generated. Their documentation and conservation -- as live animals, embryos or gametes (eggs or sperm) -- therefore becomes of high importance. This proceedings brings together scientific papers covering the breadth and significance of model animals used in scientific research, and scientific and policy summaries based on workshop discussions.
Information technology, especially the electronic network known as the World Wide Web, is changing the way that businesses and consumers interact. This expansive electronic network allows both businesses and consumers to transcend global barriers, gaining access to products and information in ways that were once unimaginable. However, travelling outside the realm of the terrestrial marketplace with its commercial and geographic restraints can also mean moving in an unpredictable environment without the security that traditional marketplace practices and consumer protection laws provide.
In March 1997, the OECD Committee on Consumer Policy, along with the OECD Committee on Information, Computer and Communications Policy convened an international gathering of information technology policy experts, consumer advocates, business and government representatives. This report, based on this diverse gathering, examines ways to protect and empower consumers to make informed choices in this expanding global online marketplace.
This twice-yearly, bilingual publication contains data on the scientific and technological performance of the OECD countries. It summarises and updates the OECD Basic Science and Technology Statistics published every two years (annually on diskette). These data include final or provisional results and government forecasts covering such topics as resources devoted to research and development, patents, the technology balance of payments and international trade in high-technology industries. Supporting background economic series are also included.
The ability to determine the scale of innovation activities, the characteristics of innovating firms, and the internal and systemic factors that can influence innovation is a prerequisite for the pursuit and analysis of policies aimed at fostering technological innovation. The Oslo Manual, issued in 1997, is the foremost international source of guidelines for the collection and use of data on innovation activities in industry. This second edition has been updated to take account of the progress made in understanding the innovation process, the experience gained from the previous round of innovation surveys, the extension of the field of investigation to other sectors of industry and the latest revisions of international standard classifications.
Évaluer l'ampleur des activités d'innovation, les caractéristiques des firmes menant ces activités et les facteurs internes et systémiques qui les influencent est essentiel à la conduite et à l'analyse des politiques de promotion de l'innovation technologique. Le Manuel d'Oslo est la source internationale de principes directeurs en matière de collecte et d'utilisation d'informations sur les activités d'innovation dans l'industrie. Cette seconde édition reflète les progrès réalisés dans la compréhension du processus de l'innovation, l'expérience acquise lors de la précédente vague d'enquêtes sur l'innovation, l'extension du champ d'enquête à d'autres secteurs d'activité industrielle ainsi que les révisions des classifications internationales types.
The papers in this special issue of the STI Review examine theoretically and empirically the role of innovation and technology diffusion in the process of economic growth and the impact of technology on jobs using different methodologies and data sets.
Why do governments engage in technology foresight? What lessons emerge from the results of national experiences in technology foresight? This special issue of the STI Review addresses these questions, and looks at the strengths and weaknesses of different methodologies, including Delphi surveys, and the reliability of their results. It also addresses the issues of industrial involvement, the scope for international collaboration in technology foresight and the potential consequences for international technology co-operation or competition. Studies of government foresight exercises and their results are presented for Australia, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
Special Issue on Innovation and Standards. New forms of innovation prompt a re-examination of how the strengths and weaknesses of national innovation systems are diagnosed. This is done in order to guide policy on supporting innovation and shaping the general conditions in which scientific and technical knowledge is put to economic use today. These general, "framework conditions", range from today's emerging global information infrastructures to the full gamut of regulatory and legal constraints operating at national and international levels. These include technical aspects related to standardisation, whose growing importance illustrates the emergence of new policy issues.
OECD's journal on science, technology and industry policy and issues. This issue includes articles on technology and employment, innovation, long cycles, training and employment in new production models, structural change and employment, globalisation, and structural change and employment growth.
The Manual on the Measurement of Human Resources devoted to S&T (the "Canberra Manual") was issued in 1995. It was prepared in close co-operation between the OECD and the DGXII/Eurostat of the European Commission, other OECD Directorates, UNESCO and the International Labour Office (ILO), with the support of national experts. Drawing on best international and national practice and classifications, the "Canberra Manual" provides definitions of human resources devoted to science and technology in terms of qualification (levels and fields of study) and occupation and discusses a number of variables of policy interest.
The Frascati Manual, issued in 1994, is the basic international source of methodology for collecting and using research and development statistics. This fifth edition reflects recent changes in the structure of national science and technology systems and revisions in standard international classifications.
Analysts and policy makers have made increasing use of patent indicators to analyse the rate and direction of technological activity. The Patents Manual, issued in 1994, provides information on how patent data can be used as indicators, and also shows how these can be linked to other statistics on science, technology and economic activity (R&D, scientific publications, trade, production, etc.).
Cette publication, connue sous le nom de « Manuel d'Oslo – Première édition », a établi le tout premier cadre conceptuel et méthodologique cohérent pour mesurer l'innovation des entreprises. Elle a fourni des lignes directrices pour l’élaboration d’indicateurs d'innovation comparables dans les pays de l'OCDE pour éclairer des questions analytiques et politiques reliées. En se basant sur l'expérience des enquêtes d'innovation antérieures, ces lignes directrices ont offert un cadre de convergence méthodologique et de comparabilité internationale, aidant les nouveaux praticiens dans ce domaine. Bien qu'initialement axées sur l'innovation technologique dans les seules industries manufacturières, les éditions ultérieures ont élargi la portée et les orientations du Manuel d'Oslo.
This publication, known as the “Oslo Manual – First Edition”, set out for the first time a consistent framework of concepts, definitions and methodology for the measurement of business innovation, providing guidelines by which comparable innovation indicators can be developed in OECD countries to inform analytical and policy questions. Based on the experience of innovation surveys conducted prior to its publication, the guidelines provided a framework for methodological convergence and international comparability, assisting new practitioners in this field. Whilst initially focused on technological innovation in manufacturing industries, later editions have expanded the scope and guidance of the Oslo Manual.
The TBP Manual, issued in 1990, serves as a standard method for surveys and data collection for trade in disembodied technology between countries which continue to be difficult to compare because of differences in coverage and in the grouping of categories of data. It also makes a contribution to the methodological work forming part of the indicators framework of the Technology-Economy Programme (TEP).
The second, third and fourth editions of the Frascati Manual, the OECD standard for measuring resources devoted to research and experimental development (R&D), published in 1970, 1976 and 1981, reflected on the accumulated experience of conducting national surveys and compiling international statistics comparing R&D efforts across countries. Successive editions improved, inter alia, the guidance’s alignment with other international statistical standards (2nd edition) and took into account how the data were being used. The scope of the manual was expanded to cover research in the social sciences and humanities (3rd edition). Greater stress was placed on “functional” classifications of R&D, such as socioeconomic objectives (3rd edition), and the specificities of higher education R&D (4th edition).
The first official version of the Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys of Research and Development resulted from the OECD convening of national experts on research and experimental development (R&D) statistics in Frascati, Italy, in 1963. The “Frascati Manual”, as it was referred to, soon became the global standard for compiling comparable statistics on the financial and human resources devoted to R&D. In addition to its statistical guidance role, the definitions and classifications provided serve as a common language for across multiple policy and administrative domains. As a result of its widening application and accumulated experience, the manual was revised several times over the following decades.