– Faire Geschäfts-, Werbe- und Marketingpraktiken;
– klare Informationen über die Identität von Online-Unternehmen, die angebotenen Waren oder Dienstleistungen sowie die Modalitäten und Bedingungen einer jeden Transaktion;
– transparente Verfahren für die Bestätigung von Transaktionen;
– sichere Zahlungsmechanismen;
– faire, zügige und finanziell tragbare Streitbeilegungs- und Abhilfeverfahren;
– den Schutz der Privatsphäre sowie
– die Aufklärung von Verbrauchern und Unternehmen.
What is driving recent growth in OECD countries? Why is it that their levels of GDP per capita are no longer converging? Why is it that some countries, operating at the technological frontier, where advances are difficult, appear to be widening the gap? Whether or not it is appropriate to speak of a "new economy", innovation and technology play crucial roles.
This study shows that success requires not some silver bullet, but a range of complementary factors that support the innovation-intensive growth exemplified by new information and communication technologies such as the Internet and Internet applications like electronic commerce. Supportive policies include those favourable to innovative start-ups and to financial systems able to support them, those that facilitate the reorganisation required to reap the full benefits of ICT, regulatory and institutional frameworks that facilitate links between science and industry, and efforts to train and obtain the necessary human capital, as well as public support for basic scientific research. While this study is far from exhaustive, it represents an important step in understanding the conditions under which economies flourish.
Quel est le moteur de la croissance dans les pays de l’OCDE ? Pourquoi les niveaux de PIB par habitant ne convergent-ils plus ? Pourquoi certains pays, déjà à la pointe du progrès technologique, où les avancées sont par nature plus difficiles, semblent-ils creuser encore leur écart avec le reste du peloton ? Que l’expression « nouvelle économie » corresponde ou non à une réalité, l’innovation et la technologie jouent sans conteste un rôle crucial.
Cette étude montre que la réussite passe, non par d’hypothétiques remèdes miracles, mais par toute une gamme de facteurs complémentaires qui favorisent une croissance basée sur l’innovation telle qu’on l’observe dans les nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication comme l’Internet, et dans les applications de l’Internet telles que le commerce électronique. Les politiques de soutien peuvent prendre la forme de dispositions favorables aux jeunes pousses innovantes et aux structures financières capables de les accompagner. Il peut également s'agir de mesures facilitant les réorganisations nécessaires pour profiter pleinement des bienfaits des TIC, de cadres réglementaires et institutionnels favorisant les relations entre recherche scientifique et industrie, d’efforts de formation et de recrutement des ressources humaines adaptées, ou bien encore d’un soutien public à la recherche scientifique fondamentale. A défaut d'être exhaustive, cette étude franchit une nouvelle étape dans la compréhension des conditions propices à la prospérité.
How can growing social diversity be harnessed to make for more creative societies in the future? Three powerful forces are simultaneously shaping the social foundations of the future: deep-seated change in underlying economic systems, rapid global integration, and growing social diversity itself. The question is whether the three will combine constructively and lead to social progress or whether another, grimmer scenario lies ahead.
Does growing diversity, commendable in itself, mean we are headed for more inequality across the world's populations? Will access to and use of new knowledge and advanced technologies alleviate or aggravate the differences? What steps can policy makers take to ensure that growing differentiation within and among societies gives rise to increased creativity instead of mounting tensions?
This book asks some hard questions about our changing world, and examines the policy opportunities that need to be grasped if we are to foster sustainable social foundations for the 21st century.
The publication presents R&D expenditure data (ANBERD) for 16 OECD countries, as well as a zone total for the European Union. The coverage of ANBERD has been extended to 58 sectors, including extended coverage of the services, starting with the survey year 1987.
Wird das Zusammenspiel dieser Kräfte für eine positive gesellschaftliche Entwicklung sorgen oder liegt eine düstere Zukunft vor uns? Das hier bestehende Potential zu nutzen, ist eine vordringliche Aufgabe der Politik, denn Unsicherheit und Antagonismen stellen eine reale Gefahr dar.
Wird mehr Diversität - eine an sich positive Entwicklung - weltweit zu grösserer Ungleichheit führen? Wird der Zugang zu neuem Wissen und neuen Technologien die Kluft vertiefen oder verringern? Welche Weichenstellungen sollte die Politik treffen, damit die zunehmende Differenzierung innerhalb und zwischen Gesellschaften die Kreativität fördert, und nicht etwa wachsende Spannungen entstehen lässt?
Diese Veröffentlichung setzt sich mit unserer sich schnell wandelnden Welt auseinander, und untersucht die Politikansätze, die erforderlich sein werden, um den Übergang zu einem langfristig tragfähigen gesellschaftlichen Fundament zu erleichtern.
Across the OECD, attention is focusing increasingly on what has been dubbed the "digital divide" - a term that refers to the gaps in access to information and communication technology (ICT). The stakes are high, as ICT is now integral to the social fabric and is the catalyst for "new economies" to emerge. Exclusion threatens the ICT "have-nots", whether individuals, groups or entire countries. Political awareness of the stakes at issue grows sharply, as indicated by the prominence of the digital divide in G-8 discussions.
Education and learning lie at the heart of these issues and their solutions. They are the lifeblood of our 21st century knowledge societies, and ICT is critical to them. The gaps that define the "learning digital divide" are thus as important as the more obvious gaps in access to the technology itself. Learning is central in the still more fundamental sense that the machines and equipment are useless without the competence to exploit them. Nurturing this competence is in part the job of schools and colleges, in part dependent on the learning that takes place throughout life in homes, communities, and workplaces.
This volume meets an important need in the contemporary international literature on education policy, lifelong learning, and economic and social development. It presents analysis of the "learning digital divide" in different countries - developed and developing - and the policies and specific innovations designed to bridge it. The evidence shows that ICT can be the solution to inequalities rather than their cause - digital diversity and opportunity rather than digital divide.
Cette étude fait le point sur les principaux faits nouveaux intervenus dans les domaines de la science, de la technologie et de l’innovation, dans l’ensemble de la zone de l’OCDE. Elle dégage les grandes tendances, donne une vue d’ensemble de l’évolution des politiques gouvernementales et met en relief la contribution de la science et de la technologie à la croissance récente. L’étude consacre notamment des chapitres au lien entre innovation et croissance, à l’importance de l’innovation dans le secteur des services, à l’interaction croissante entre la science et l’industrie, à l’incidence de l’aide publique à la R-D privée, ainsi qu’au rôle des réseaux dans le processus d’innovation. Elle comprend aussi une annexe dans laquelle sont présentés des indicateurs détaillés de la science, de la technologie et de l’innovation.
Mobile communications is one of the tremendous success stories of the telecommunications industry. By June 1999, there were 293 million mobile subscribers in the OECD area, or around one mobile phone for every four inhabitants. Current growth continues to exceed most past projections. The benefits wrought by mobility in communications are increasingly evident in terms of both economic and social development.
If there is a caveat, amidst such a tremendous success story, it is that the very rapid growth of mobile communications has tended to conceal large performance differences across the OECD area. There is an ongoing need to examine performance against fast moving international benchmarks. Without such analysis the challenges to mobile communications meeting wider policy goals, in relation to electronic commerce and local infrastructure competition, will remain impervious to critical review. In addition, high growth rates have tended to mask some problem areas where there has been insufficient price competition.
In many countries, the mobile communications sector has been successfully used to pioneer liberalisation. Nevertheless, it is incumbent on policy makers to continually review regulatory frameworks. This book highlights a number of areas for policy review and decision.
Les communications mobiles sont l'un des succès éclatants de l'industrie des télécommunications. Ainsi, en juin 1999, on dénombrait 293 millions d'abonnés mobiles dans la zone de l'OCDE, soit environ un téléphone mobile pour quatre habitants. La croissance actuelle continue d'être supérieure à la plupart des prévisions antérieures. Et les avantages procurés par la mobilité dans les télécommunications sont de plus en plus manifestes en termes de développement aussi bien économique que social.
S'il y a une nuance à apporter à ce bilan exceptionnel, c'est que la croissance très rapide des communications mobiles a eu tendance à masquer de grandes disparités dans les performances à l'intérieur de la zone de l'OCDE. Aussi importe-t-il d'analyser ces performances en se référant à des critères internationaux qui progressent rapidement. Sans une telle analyse, la concrétisation des grands objectifs stratégiques en matière de commerce électronique et de concurrence dans l'infrastructure locale échappera à tout examen critique. De plus, les taux de croissance élevés ont eu tendance à occulter certains problèmes liés à une concurrence insuffisante par les prix.
Dans de nombreux pays, les communications mobiles sont un secteur pionnier de la libéralisation. Il est cependant du devoir des décideurs politiques de réexaminer continuellement les cadres réglementaires. Cet ouvrage identifie plus particulièrement les domaines que les décideurs devront examiner avec attention.
How can innovation and technology better contribute to environmental sustainability? What factors drive firms to innovate for the environment? How can environmental and innovation policies be better designed to stimulate innovation for the environment? How can better policy coherence be achieved? A recent OECD workshop addressed these crucial questions that lead to a better understanding of the interaction between innovation and the environment and explored elements of "best practice" policies that can stimulate innovation for the environment and shift our development path towards sustainability.
Les tests génétiques naissent à une cadence extraordinaire et nombre d’entre eux sont déjà sur le marché. La participation active du secteur privé entraîne une croissance sans précédent des services commerciaux de tests génétiques et du commerce de ces services. Cette tendance va sans doute s’accentuer à mesure que les connaissances tirées de la cartographie du génome humain et des polymorphismes nucléotidiques simples (PNS) seront appliquées au recensement des gènes responsables de maladies ou de différences héréditaires dans les réactions aux traitements. Les répercussions socio-économiques et éthiques de ces avancées pourraient être spectaculaires. Cet ouvrage fait le point sur les progrès réalisés en matière de tests génétiques et sur les principaux domaines de préoccupation des pouvoirs publics à l’échelle internationale. Il s'appuie sur le séminaire de l'OCDE intitulé « Tests génétiques : Les enjeux du nouveau millénaire », qui s’est tenu à Vienne du 23 au 25 février 2000.
As an input to Korea's efforts to revise the country's development strategy, the OECD and the World Bank have prepared a joint review of the challenges confronting Korea in its transition to a knowledge-based economy. The report proposes a four-pronged framework which will empower Korea to effectively tap into technology advances and the growing stock of knowledge: 1. An economic and institutional regime that provides incentives for the efficient use of existing knowledge, for the creation of new knowledge, for the dismantling of obsolete activities and for the start-up of more efficient new ones. 2. An educated and entrepreneurial population that can both create and use new knowledge. 3. A dynamic information infrastructure that can facilitate effective communication, dissemination and processing of information. 4. An efficient innovation system comprising firms, science and research centers, universities, think tanks, consultants and other organizations that can interact and tap into the growing stock of global knowledge; assimilate and adapt it to local needs; and use it to create new knowledge and technology.
The report addresses additional challenges with respect to the development of knowledge-based activities, and of setting up an overall framework for the design and implementation of more consistent policies conducive to the knowledge-based economy.
Genetic tests are being developed at an impressive rate and a significant number has already reached the market. Substantial involvement of the private sector has led to unprecedented growth in commercial genetic testing services and in trade of such services. This trend is expected to increase as knowledge gained from the mapping of the human genome and of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is applied to the identification of disease-causing genes and of inherited differences in drug response. The potential socio-economic and ethical impacts are staggering. This report provides a state-of-the art review of advances in genetic testing and of main international policy concerns drawing from the OECD workshop on "Genetic Testing: Policy Issues for the New Millennium", held in Vienna on 23-25 February 2000.
Social science research should lead to a better understanding of current societal developments and enable policy makers to propose solutions to problems and design policies that can serve the public more effectively. Governments are increasingly aware of the need and opportunities to improve the contribution of social science knowledge to policy making and are keen to realise this potential. Can the social sciences act as an agent of societal change? How can they contribute to social practice? How can their policy relevance be increased? Can best practice in other research fields and economic sectors be a source of inspiration on new approaches to sharing knowledge? And how can the divide between the two communities - social scientists and decision makers - be narrowed? These are some of the enduring questions tackled by academics and policy makers at the Workshop on the Contribution of Social Sciences to Knowledge and Decision Making, Bruges, 26-28 June 2000.
This twice yearly, bilingual publication contains data on the scientific and technological performance of OECD countries. These data include final or provisional results and government forecasts covering such topics as resources devoted to research and development, patents, the technology balance of payments and international trade in the high-technology industries. Supporting background series, used in combination with Science & Technology series to calculate indicators, are also included. Indicators are presented for the last seven years for which data are available.
Achieving sustainable development goals at a global level will strongly depend on the rapid technological development and innovation, and the widespread diffusion and application, of cleaner technologies in non-OECD as well as OECD countries. But do the developing countries have the capacity and motivation to take advantage of cleaner technology options? What are their needs? And what are the barriers which must be addressed? Arresting the impending environmental imbalances and ecological instability and moving towards sustainable development call for establishing a new multilateral framework for co-operation in environmental science and technology.
Les Perspectives des communications de l’OCDE présentent un large éventail d’indicateurs du développement des différents réseaux de communications et compare les indicateurs de performances tels que les recettes, les investissements, l’emploi et les prix des services dans la zone OCDE. Ces indicateurs revêtent une importance primordiale pour l’industrie, ainsi que pour les régulateurs qui ont recours à l’analyse comparative pour évaluer l’efficacité de leurs politiques.