Industrial biotechnology has come of age: after decades spent in the shadow of two better-known fields, health and agro-food biotechnology, it has emerged into a world where environmental sustainability has become a global concern. However, sustainability and "clean" industrial processes will not be achieved without a stream of innovations based on science and technology, among which biotechnology will play an important role.
This report illustrates how modern process biotechnology is penetrating industrial operations, and highlights its environmental and economic advantages over other technologies. It identifies technical and other bottlenecks, but also emphasizes that industry and governments must act together to address the challenges of industrial sustainability.
Si les applications de la biotechnologie ont plusieurs décennies durant surtout concerné la santé et l'agro-alimentaire, la biotechnologie industrielle prend aujourd'hui de l'importance à l'heure où le développement industriel durable est devenu une préoccupation à l'échelle mondiale. En effet, pour assurer un développement durable et la mise en oeuvre de procédés industriels « propres », il faudra toute une série d'innovations scientifiques et technologiques, parmi lesquelles la biotechnologie aura un rôle important à jouer.
Ce rapport montre le rôle croissant des procédés biotechnologiques modernes dans les processus industriels. Il met en relief leurs avantages économiques et environnementaux par rapport à d'autres technologies, attire l'attention sur des goulets d'étranglement techniques ou autres, et souligne la nécessité d'une action concertée de l'industrie et des gouvernements pour relever le défi du développement industriel durable.
This annual publication reflects recent efforts made by the OECD to improve the quality and availability of industrial R&D expenditure and researchers, scientists and engineers data. The publication presents estimated R&D expenditure data covering a period of 23 years for 15 OECD countries, as well as a zone total for the European Union. It then presents estimated R&D researchers, scientists and engineers data covering a period of 22 years for seven OECD countries. The greater international comparability of this data makes it invaluable for economic research and analysis.
Cryptography is one of the technological means to provide security for data on information and communications systems. It can be used to protect the confidentiality of data, such as financial or personal data, whether that data is in storage or in transit. Cryptography can also be used to verify the integrity of data by revealing whether data has been altered and identifying the person or device that sent it. These techniques are critical to the development and use of national and global information and communications networks and technologies, as well as the development of electronic commerce. This book includes the Recommendation of the OECD Council concerning Guidelines for Cryptography Policy, the text of the Guidelines itself, and a report which explains the context for the guidelines and the basic issues involved in the cryptography policy debate.
Transgenic mice have become of central importance for basic biological research, and for understanding diseases involving malfunction of the genetic machinery. The value of these animals as research tools may extend far beyond the purposes of the research project for which they were generated. Their documentation and conservation -- as live animals, embryos or gametes (eggs or sperm) -- therefore becomes of high importance. This proceedings brings together scientific papers covering the breadth and significance of model animals used in scientific research, and scientific and policy summaries based on workshop discussions.
Information technology, especially the electronic network known as the World Wide Web, is changing the way that businesses and consumers interact. This expansive electronic network allows both businesses and consumers to transcend global barriers, gaining access to products and information in ways that were once unimaginable. However, travelling outside the realm of the terrestrial marketplace with its commercial and geographic restraints can also mean moving in an unpredictable environment without the security that traditional marketplace practices and consumer protection laws provide.
In March 1997, the OECD Committee on Consumer Policy, along with the OECD Committee on Information, Computer and Communications Policy convened an international gathering of information technology policy experts, consumer advocates, business and government representatives. This report, based on this diverse gathering, examines ways to protect and empower consumers to make informed choices in this expanding global online marketplace.
The ability to determine the scale of innovation activities, the characteristics of innovating firms, and the internal and systemic factors that can influence innovation is a prerequisite for the pursuit and analysis of policies aimed at fostering technological innovation. The Oslo Manual, issued in 1997, is the foremost international source of guidelines for the collection and use of data on innovation activities in industry. This second edition has been updated to take account of the progress made in understanding the innovation process, the experience gained from the previous round of innovation surveys, the extension of the field of investigation to other sectors of industry and the latest revisions of international standard classifications.
Évaluer l'ampleur des activités d'innovation, les caractéristiques des firmes menant ces activités et les facteurs internes et systémiques qui les influencent est essentiel à la conduite et à l'analyse des politiques de promotion de l'innovation technologique. Le Manuel d'Oslo est la source internationale de principes directeurs en matière de collecte et d'utilisation d'informations sur les activités d'innovation dans l'industrie. Cette seconde édition reflète les progrès réalisés dans la compréhension du processus de l'innovation, l'expérience acquise lors de la précédente vague d'enquêtes sur l'innovation, l'extension du champ d'enquête à d'autres secteurs d'activité industrielle ainsi que les révisions des classifications internationales types.
The Manual on the Measurement of Human Resources devoted to S&T (the "Canberra Manual") was issued in 1995. It was prepared in close co-operation between the OECD and the DGXII/Eurostat of the European Commission, other OECD Directorates, UNESCO and the International Labour Office (ILO), with the support of national experts. Drawing on best international and national practice and classifications, the "Canberra Manual" provides definitions of human resources devoted to science and technology in terms of qualification (levels and fields of study) and occupation and discusses a number of variables of policy interest.
The Frascati Manual, issued in 1994, is the basic international source of methodology for collecting and using research and development statistics. This fifth edition reflects recent changes in the structure of national science and technology systems and revisions in standard international classifications.
Analysts and policy makers have made increasing use of patent indicators to analyse the rate and direction of technological activity. The Patents Manual, issued in 1994, provides information on how patent data can be used as indicators, and also shows how these can be linked to other statistics on science, technology and economic activity (R&D, scientific publications, trade, production, etc.).
Cette publication, connue sous le nom de « Manuel d'Oslo – Première édition », a établi le tout premier cadre conceptuel et méthodologique cohérent pour mesurer l'innovation des entreprises. Elle a fourni des lignes directrices pour l’élaboration d’indicateurs d'innovation comparables dans les pays de l'OCDE pour éclairer des questions analytiques et politiques reliées. En se basant sur l'expérience des enquêtes d'innovation antérieures, ces lignes directrices ont offert un cadre de convergence méthodologique et de comparabilité internationale, aidant les nouveaux praticiens dans ce domaine. Bien qu'initialement axées sur l'innovation technologique dans les seules industries manufacturières, les éditions ultérieures ont élargi la portée et les orientations du Manuel d'Oslo.
This publication, known as the “Oslo Manual – First Edition”, set out for the first time a consistent framework of concepts, definitions and methodology for the measurement of business innovation, providing guidelines by which comparable innovation indicators can be developed in OECD countries to inform analytical and policy questions. Based on the experience of innovation surveys conducted prior to its publication, the guidelines provided a framework for methodological convergence and international comparability, assisting new practitioners in this field. Whilst initially focused on technological innovation in manufacturing industries, later editions have expanded the scope and guidance of the Oslo Manual.
The TBP Manual, issued in 1990, serves as a standard method for surveys and data collection for trade in disembodied technology between countries which continue to be difficult to compare because of differences in coverage and in the grouping of categories of data. It also makes a contribution to the methodological work forming part of the indicators framework of the Technology-Economy Programme (TEP).
The second, third and fourth editions of the Frascati Manual, the OECD standard for measuring resources devoted to research and experimental development (R&D), published in 1970, 1976 and 1981, reflected on the accumulated experience of conducting national surveys and compiling international statistics comparing R&D efforts across countries. Successive editions improved, inter alia, the guidance’s alignment with other international statistical standards (2nd edition) and took into account how the data were being used. The scope of the manual was expanded to cover research in the social sciences and humanities (3rd edition). Greater stress was placed on “functional” classifications of R&D, such as socioeconomic objectives (3rd edition), and the specificities of higher education R&D (4th edition).
The first official version of the Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys of Research and Development resulted from the OECD convening of national experts on research and experimental development (R&D) statistics in Frascati, Italy, in 1963. The “Frascati Manual”, as it was referred to, soon became the global standard for compiling comparable statistics on the financial and human resources devoted to R&D. In addition to its statistical guidance role, the definitions and classifications provided serve as a common language for across multiple policy and administrative domains. As a result of its widening application and accumulated experience, the manual was revised several times over the following decades.