Innovation is broader than science and technology, yet often statistics and government programmes narrowly focus on this type of innovation. In rural places, this is particularly relevant as not all firms have the capacity to be competitive in high-tech innovation. With around one in five Canadians living in Canada’s rural regions, better understanding how to promote broader notions of innovation for rural places by increasing entrepreneurship, including for women, advancing the green transition, and improving the provision of services is critical to boost rural productivity, and increase well-being standards. The report sets the scene for rural innovation in Canada, explores the policy and governance environment for key regional innovation initiatives, and includes a special topic chapter on green innovation in rural regions of Canada.

Was ist Innovation und wie sollte sie gemessen werden? Kenntnisse über den Umfang der Innovationsaktivitäten, die Eigenschaften innovativer Unternehmen sowie interne und systemische Faktoren, die die Innovationstätigkeit beeinflussen können, sind Voraussetzung für die Umsetzung und Analyse von Maßnahmen zur Innovationsförderung. Das erstmals 1992 veröffentlichte Oslo-Handbuch ist das internationale Referenzwerk für die Erhebung und Nutzung von Innovationsdaten. Diese aktualisierte vierte Ausgabe deckt ein breiteres Spektrum von innovationsbezogenen Phänomenen ab und berücksichtigt die Erkenntnisse aus den jüngsten Innovationserhebungen in OECD-Mitgliedsländern sowie Partnervolkswirtschaften und -organisationen.

La desinformación tiene consecuencias de gran alcance en muchos ámbitos, desde la salud pública hasta la seguridad nacional de los países. Puede arrojar dudas sobre la veracidad de los hechos, poner en peligro la aplicación de políticas públicas y socavar la confianza de los ciudadanos en la integridad de las instituciones democráticas. Este informe explora cómo responder a estos retos y reforzar la democracia. Presenta una evaluación exhaustiva de las respuestas gubernamentales destinadas a respaldar espacios informativos plurales, basados en hechos y que fomenten una ciudadanía informada. Analiza las interacciones entre distintas dimensiones políticas que fortalecen la integridad del ámbito informativo, al mismo tiempo que aseguran una protección diligente de las libertades fundamentales y los derechos humanos. Igualmente, propone un triple marco de actuación en materia de políticas públicas: mejorar la transparencia, la rendición de cuentas y la pluralidad de las fuentes de información; fomentar la resiliencia social; y actualizar las medidas de gobernanza y las instituciones públicas para ayudar a fortalecer la integridad del espacio informativo.

The 2019 Egyptian National Artificial Intelligence (AI) Strategy is a key catalyst for digital transformation in Egypt and supports the country’s sustainable development agenda. As North Africa’s biggest economy, Egypt faces a challenging economic and demographic context, including high inflation and a high youth unemployment rate. As the first Arab and African country to adhere to the OECD Recommendation on Artificial Intelligence in 2021, Egypt has made progress in implementing the OECD AI Principles. This country review explores the state of implementation of the OECD AI Principles in Egypt by providing a mapping of Egypt’s AI governance and policy implementation through gap analysis, comparative analysis, and benchmarking. It highlights key findings and recommendations to strengthen Egypt’s AI ecosystem and facilitate the development of inclusive, responsible, and human-centric AI policies and practices that support Egypt’s development agenda and stand the test of time.

Les Perspectives de l’économie numérique de l’OCDE 2024 (Volume 1) : Cap sur la frontière technologique apportent de nouveaux éclairages sur les technologies phares qui sous-tendent l’écosystème de technologies numériques ainsi que leurs impacts. Dans ce premier volume, les auteurs se sont appuyés sur des données massives et des techniques d’apprentissage automatique pour produire de nouvelles estimations du taux de croissance du secteur des technologies de l’information et des communications (STI), qui est au cœur de l’écosystème. Ils se sont ensuite tournés vers la frontière technologique, s’intéressant à l’avenir de l’intelligence artificielle (IA) et aux moyens de la façonner de manière à en faire une force positive. Ce Volume 1 propose également une analyse de l’adoption des technologies numériques par les individus, les entreprises et les administrations et donne à voir l’ampleur et la portée des fractures numériques et les solutions pour favoriser l’égalité des chances et l’inclusion. Pour ce faire, on se penche sur l’impérieuse nécessité que les réseaux sans fil de nouvelle génération fournissent une connectivité illimitée, en tout lieu. Au-delà de l’engouement suscité par les technologies immersives, on examine la capacité avérée de la réalité virtuelle à se prêter à un déploiement à grande échelle, avant d’en exposer les possibilités et les risques. Enfin, on donne un coup de projecteur à la question de la santé mentale dans les environnements numériques, en particulier ceux présentant les risques les plus élevés.

The OECD Digital Economy Outlook 2024, Volume 1: Embracing the Technology Frontier provides new insights on key technologies that underpin the digital technology ecosystem and their impacts. Using big data and machine-learning techniques, Volume 1 provides new estimates of the growth rate of the ecosystem’s core – the information and communications technology (ICT) sector. It then looks toward the technology frontier with perspectives on the future of artificial intelligence (AI) and how it can be shaped into a positive force. Volume 1 also analyses how people, firms and governments are adopting digital technologies, offering insights into the scale and scope of digital divides and how to boost equal opportunity and inclusion. To that end, it looks at the critical need for next generation wireless networks to provide unlimited connectivity everywhere. Moving beyond the hype of immersive technologies, Volume 1 examines the proven ability of virtual reality (VR) to scale, while identifying its opportunities and risks. Finally, it shines a spotlight on mental health in digital environments, including those most at risk.

Dieser Bericht umfasst ein internationales Benchmarking des deutschen Ökosystems der Künstlichen Intelligenz (KI) und diskutiert Fortschritte bei der Umsetzung der nationalen KI-Strategie. Der Bericht stützt sich auf quantitative und qualitative Daten sowie auf Erkenntnisse aus dem OECD.AI Policy Observatory und dem OECD Programme on AI in Work, Innovation, Productivity and Skills (AI-WIPS) – einem von der Bundesregierung finanzierten OECD-Forschungsprogramm – und basiert auf Ergebnissen von Interviews mit einem breiten Spektrum an Interessenvertreter:innen in Deutschland. Der Bericht diskutiert Deutschlands Stärken, Schwächen, Chancen und Herausforderungen im KI-Bereich und gibt Empfehlungen zur Gestaltung der KI-Politik in Deutschland in den kommenden Jahren ab. Die Ergebnisse werden anhand der Schwerpunkte präsentiert, die in der nationalen KI-Strategie Deutschlands definiert wurden: 1) Köpfe; 2) Forschung; 3) Transfer und Anwendungen; 4) Arbeitswelt; 5) Ordnungsrahmen; und 6) Gesellschaft. Darüber hinaus befasst sich der Bericht mit der KI-Infrastruktur und enthält drei spezielle Sektor-„Spotlights“ zu KI im öffentlichen Sektor, KI und Nachhaltigkeit sowie zum Einsatz von KI im Gesundheitswesen.

This report provides an international benchmarking of Germany’s artificial intelligence (AI) ecosystem and discusses progress in implementing its national AI strategy. The report draws on quantitative and qualitative data and insights from the OECD.AI Policy Observatory and from the OECD Programme on AI in Work, Innovation, Productivity and Skills (AI-WIPS) – an OECD research programme financed by the German Federal Government – and results from a series of interviews with a wide range of stakeholders in Germany. The review discusses Germany’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges in AI, and provides recommendations to steer AI policy in Germany in the coming years. The evidence is presented according to the core focus areas outlined in Germany’s national AI strategy, which include: 1) minds; 2) research; 3) transfer and applications; 4) the world of work; 5) policy and regulatory frameworks; and 6) society. Furthermore, the report discusses AI infrastructure and it includes three sector spotlights on AI in the public sector, AI and environmental sustainability and AI and healthcare.

As the pace of technological change accelerates, reaching the digital frontier – and staying there – is increasingly challenging. This report analyses Norway’s digital performance, policies and priorities to inform the development of a new national digital strategy that seeks to sharpen Norway’s competitive edge and ensure that digital transformation benefits all Norwegians. It outlines the digital priorities and trends that will shape Norway’s digital future and maps its digital policy ecosystem. The report further assesses Norway’s digital performance based on the OECD Going Digital Toolkit dashboard of indicators and analyses its digital policies through the lens of the OECD Going Digital Integrated Policy Framework. It concludes with policy recommendations to achieve a more digital, innovative and inclusive Norway.

Earth's orbits are polluted by more than 100 million debris objects that pose a collision threat to satellites and other spacecraft. The risk of perturbing highly valuable space-based services critical to life on Earth, such as weather monitoring and disaster management, is making debris mitigation an urgent policy challenge. This book provides the latest findings from the OECD project on the economics of space sustainability, which aims to improve decision makers’ understanding of the societal value of space infrastructure and costs of space debris. It provides comprehensive evidence on the growth of space debris, presents methods to evaluate and quantify the value of the satellites at risk and discusses ways to ensure a more sustainable use of the orbital environment. It notably includes case studies from Italy, Japan and Korea on the socio-economic value of different types of space infrastructure and discusses the feasibility and optimal design of fiscal measures and voluntary environmental rating schemes to change operator behaviour. This work is informed by contributions from researchers worldwide involved in the OECD project.

This report assesses and monitors progress in the design and implementation of SME policies in the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region. It was developed as part of the OECD LAC Regional Programme, in co-operation with CAF-Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean and the Latin American and Caribbean Economic System (SELA). The 2024 report tracks progress made since 2019 across eight policy dimensions and presents the latest key findings on SME development and related policies. It identifies emerging challenges impacting SMEs in the region and provides recommendations for governments to build a successful SME sector. The 2024 edition, the second in the series, benefits from an updated methodology that analyses SME digital transformation support policies, introduces a green economy pilot dimension, and incorporates a cross-cutting gender approach. This edition extends the coverage by introducing two new countries (Brazil and Paraguay) to the already seven participating countries (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay), guaranteeing the inclusion of all members of the Pacific Alliance and Mercosur.

Este informe evalúa y monitorea el progreso en el diseño e implementación de políticas para PyMEs en la región de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC). Ha sido elaborado como parte del Programa Regional ALC de la OCDE, en cooperación con CAF-Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina y el Caribe y el Sistema Económico Latinoamericano y del Caribe (SELA). El reporte de 2024 hace un seguimiento de los progresos realizados desde 2019 en ocho dimensiones de política pública y presenta las últimas conclusiones clave sobre el desarrollo de las PyMEs. Identifica los retos emergentes que afectan a las PyME en la región y ofrece recomendaciones a los gobiernos para construir un sector de PyME exitoso. La edición de 2024, la segunda de la serie, se beneficia de una metodología actualizada que analiza las políticas de apoyo a la transformación digital de las PyMEs, introduce una dimensión piloto de economía verde e incorpora un enfoque transversal de género. Esta edición amplía la cobertura introduciendo dos nuevos países (Brasil y Paraguay) a los ya siete países participantes (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, México, Perú y Uruguay), garantizando la inclusión de todos los miembros de la Alianza del Pacífico y Mercosur.

Este relatório avalia e monitora o progresso na elaboração e implementação de políticas para PMEs na região da América Latina e do Caribe (ALC). Ele foi preparado como parte do Programa Regional da OCDE para a ALC, em cooperação com o CAF-Banco de Desenvolvimento da América Latina e do Caribe e o Sistema Econômico da América Latina e do Caribe (SELA). O relatório 2024 acompanha o progresso desde 2019 em oito dimensões de políticas públicas e apresenta as principais conclusões mais recentes sobre o desenvolvimento das PMEs. Ele identifica os desafios emergentes que afetam as PMEs na região e oferece recomendações aos governos para construir um setor de PMEs bem-sucedido. A edição de 2024, a segunda da série, se beneficia de uma metodologia atualizada que analisa as políticas de apoio à transformação digital das PMEs, introduz uma dimensão piloto de economia verde e incorpora uma abordagem transversal de gênero. Esta edição amplia a cobertura com a introdução de dois novos países (Brasil e Paraguai) aos já sete países participantes (Argentina, Chile, Colômbia, Equador, México, Peru e Uruguai), garantindo a inclusão de todos os membros da Aliança do Pacífico e do Mercosul.

While Norway is a leader in digital government amongst OECD countries − ranking 4th overall in the 2023 OECD Digital Government Index − there is scope to improve the efficiency, efficacy, and innovation of Norway’s public sector through digitalisation. This report reviews Norway's digitalisation efforts since its 2017 OECD Digital Government Review and provides recommendations to help the government develop a new strategy for digital transformation. It looks at eight areas ranging from digital governance and digital government investments to artificial intelligence, digital talent and service design and delivery.

The semiconductor value chain is essential for modern economies but is prone to disruptions that pose considerable risks. Policy makers need robust data to help address a wide array of issues such as identifying bottlenecks, monitoring the balance between supply and demand of specific semiconductor types, as well as managing disruptions in the value chain. This paper establishes a common taxonomy for semiconductor types and production facilities to enable harmonised data collection and sharing. The taxonomy divides semiconductor products into four broad categories: “logic”, “memory”, “analog” and “others”, with further sub-categories based on their prevalence and specific functions. Semiconductor production facilities are classified according to the technology they use, the types of semiconductors they can produce, their production capacity, and other key characteristics. This taxonomy will be the basis for a semiconductor production database – it will be revised in the future to keep pace with technological advancements.

Les technologies numériques transforment pratiquement tous les aspects de l’économie, et le commerce international ne fait pas exception. Les entreprises et les ménages passent de plus en plus de commandes en ligne. De nombreux services qui exigeaient d’ordinaire une proximité entre producteurs et consommateurs sont désormais proposés à distance. Les plateformes en ligne jouent un rôle de plus en plus important dans le rapprochement de l’offre et de la demande et facilitent les transactions économiques. Le numérique transforme la façon dont les produits sont achetés et livrés. Pour autant, cette évolution transparaît très peu dans les statistiques macroéconomiques traditionnelles, qui se concentrent sur ce qui est produit et par qui. En dernier ressort, cette absence de visibilité gêne l’élaboration des politiques et peut donner l’impression que l’économie n’est pas mesurée avec précision. Ce Manuel a pour objet d’aider les statisticiens à répondre aux besoins des décideurs de s’appuyer sur de meilleurs éléments statistiques concernant le commerce numérique. Si la politique commerciale internationale semble le domaine de l’action publique pour lequel il est essentiel de disposer de données exhaustives et comparables, le commerce numérique a des incidences sur de nombreux autres domaines, aux niveaux national comme international, et il est influencé par ces domaines, qu’il s’agisse de la concurrence, de la fiscalité, du développement ou de la croissance économique.

This OECD Report to G20 Digital Economy Ministers presents practical examples from G20 members on data access and sharing, both across the public sector and between the public and private sectors in the public interest. The report supports G20 discussions on common opportunities, enablers and challenges to strengthen data access and sharing in the public sector, as well countries’ efforts and priorities in this policy area. It has been prepared by the OECD for the Brazilian G20 Presidency in co-ordination with the Ministry of Management and Innovation in Public Services, to inform the G20 Digital Economy Working Group at its September 2024 meeting.

This Toolkit is a comprehensive guide designed to help policymakers and public sector leaders translate principles for safe, secure, and trustworthy Artificial Intelligence (AI) into actionable policies. AI can help improve the efficiency of internal operations, the effectiveness of policymaking, the responsiveness of public services, and overall transparency and accountability. Recognising both the opportunities and risks posed by AI, this toolkit provides practical insights, shares good practices for the use of AI in and by the public sector, integrates ethical considerations, and provides an overview of G7 trends. It further showcases public sector AI use cases, detailing their benefits, as well as the implementation challenges faced by G7 members, together with the emerging policy responses to guide and coordinate the development, deployment, and use of AI in the public sector. The toolkit finally highlights key stages and factors characterising the journey of public sector AI solutions.

This report presents a mapping exercise to identify commonalities in digital identity approaches among G7 members that can support future interoperability efforts. These commonalities include shared concepts and definitions, the use of international technical standards and approaches to levels of assurance. The report was prepared at the request of the 2024 Italian G7 Presidency and G7 members, to inform discussions within the G7 Digital and Technology Working Group. It was launched during the G7 Digital and Technology Ministerial Meeting in Como, Italy, on 15 October 2024.