This chapter examines the matching of human resources and their training in France to the research and innovation system. It reviews the OECD indicators in this area, more specifically those provided by the PIAAC and PISA surveys, using them to compare France with the other countries. It presents the initial training system, as well as primary and secondary education, but above all higher education (the universities and “grandes écoles”), which have been the focus of significant reforms over the past decade. It analyses doctoral and vocational courses in particular, as well as action in this area under the “Investments for the Future” Programme. In each case, it raises the issue of the capacity of the educational system to instil creativity in the generations it is training. Lastly, the chapter examines the positioning of the French higher education system with regard to internationalisation.