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Au cours des dix dernières années, de nombreux pays ont conçu des politiques explicites d'internationalisation de leurs systèmes d'enseignement supérieur, reconnaissant les avantages d'une expérience internationale pour préparer les étudiants à une économie en pleine mondialisation, ainsi que les nombreuses opportunités crées par la mobilité transnationale en termes d'innovation, d'amélioration et de développement des capacités dans l'enseignement supérieur et dans l'économie dans son ensemble.
Des cas de fraude et des comportements opportunistes ont cependant montré que ces promesses s’accompagnent de risques pour les étudiants et d’autres acteurs de l'enseignement tertiaire. C'est précisément dans le but d'aider toutes les parties prenantes à minimiser ces risques et à renforcer les dynamiques d'ouverture, de collaboration et de transparence entre les pays que l'UNESCO et l'OCDE ont développé ensemble leurs Lignes directrices pour des prestations de qualité dans l'enseignement supérieur transfontalier.
Analysant dans quelle mesure les acteurs de l'enseignement supérieur se sont conformés à ces lignes directrices en 2014, cet ouvrage intéressera les décideurs, les directeurs d'établissements d'enseignement supérieur et les agences d'assurance qualité, ainsi que les universitaires et autres parties intéressées par l'enseignement supérieur et son internationalisation.
Job displacement (involuntary job loss due to firm closure or downsizing) affects many workers over their lifetime. Displaced workers may face long periods of unemployment and, even when they find new jobs, tend to be paid less and have fewer benefits than in their prior jobs. Helping them get back into good jobs quickly should be a key goal of labour market policy. This report is the fourth in a series of reports looking at how this challenge is being tackled in a number of OECD countries. It shows that Sweden has been relatively successful in minimising the adverse effects of displaced workers, manily due to the longstanding tradition of collaboration between the social partners to share responsibility for restructuring by creating special arrangements and practices that provide help to workers much faster that in other OECD countries. Despite this positive institutional framework, there is room to improve policies targeted to displaced workers as remarkable inequalities still exist in both the Swedish labour market and in the way workers are treated.
How school systems respond to immigration has an enormous impact on the economic and social well-being of all members of the communities they serve, whether they have an immigrant background or not. Immigrant Students at School: Easing the Journey towards Integration reveals some of the difficulties immigrant students encounter – and some of the contributions they offer – as they settle into their new communities and new schools.
Results from the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) indicate that students with an immigrant background tend to perform worse in school than students without an immigrant background. Several factors are associated with this disparity, including the concentration of disadvantage in the schools immigrant students attend, language barriers and certain school policies, like grade repetition and tracking, that can hinder immigrant students’ progress through school.
But successful integration is measured in more than academic achievement; immigrant students’ well-being and hopes for the future are just as telling. This report examines not only immigrant students’ aspirations and sense of belonging at school, but also recent trends in Europeans’ receptiveness to welcoming immigrants into their own countries – the context that could make all the difference in how well immigrant students integrate into their new communities. The report includes a special section on refugees and education, and an extensive discussion on education policy responses to immigration.
The OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) conducts periodic reviews of the individual development co-operation efforts of DAC members. The policies and programmes of each member are critically examined approximately once every five years. DAC peer reviews assess the performance of a given member, not just that of its development co-operation agency, and examine both policy and implementation. They take an integrated, system-wide perspective on the development co-operation and humanitarian assistance activities of the member under review.
Social impact investment can provide new ways to more efficiently and effectively allocate public and private capital to address social and economic challenges at the global, national and local levels. While these innovative market-based approaches will not replace the core role of the public sector or the need for philanthropy, they can provide a potentially powerful means for leveraging existing capital.
This report provides a framework for assessing the social impact investment market and focuses on the need to build the evidence base, in particular for impact assessment compared to existing social service delivery models. The report highlights the importance of further international collaboration in developing global standards on definitions, data collection, impact measurement and evaluation of policies as well as experience sharing between players in the market. International organisations can play an important role in facilitating these collaborations as well as conducting further analysis and data collection.
Government at a Glance provides readers with a dashboard of key indicators assembled with the goal of contributing to the analysis and international comparison of public sector performance. Indicators on government revenues, expenditures, and employment are provided alongside key output and outcome data in the sectors of education, health and justice. Government at a Glance also includes indicators on key governance and public management issues, such as transparency in governance, regulatory governance, public procurement and the implementation of employment and remuneration reforms since 2009. While measuring government performance has long been recognized as playing an important role in increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of the public administration, following the economic crisis and fiscal tightening in many member countries, good indicators are needed more than ever to help governments make informed decisions regarding tough choices and help restore confidence in government institutions.
Income inequality is rising. A quarter of a century ago, the average disposable income of the richest 10% in OECD countries was around seven times higher than that of the poorest 10%; today, it’s around 9½ times higher. Why does this matter? Many fear this widening gap is hurting individuals, societies and even economies. This book explores income inequality across five main headings. It starts by explaining some key terms in the inequality debate. It then examines recent trends and explains why income inequality varies between countries. Next it looks at why income gaps are growing and, in particular, at the rise of the 1%. It then looks at the consequences, including research that suggests widening inequality could hurt economic growth. Finally, it examines policies for addressing inequality and making economies more inclusive.
This report is a compendium of best practices for green public procurement at national and sub-national levels. Topics covered include the legal framework, market capacity, environemental standards, professionalisation, awareness-raising and monitoring.
L’économie numérique touche désormais un très grand nombre d’aspects de l’économie mondiale, comprenant des secteurs aussi variés que la banque, la vente au détail, l’énergie, le transport, l’éducation, l’édition, les médias ainsi que la santé.
Les technologies de l’information et des communications transforment la manière dont évoluent les interactions sociales et les relations personnelles, avec la convergence des réseaux fixes, mobiles et de radiodiffusion et aussi des appareils qui sont de plus en plus connectés pour former l’Internet des objets.
Cette publication aide les pays à évaluer comment optimiser le potentiel de l’économie numérique en tant que levier d’innovation et de croissance inclusive. Elle examine également les évolutions de l’économie numérique ainsi que les défis émergents dont les décideurs doivent tenir compte dans le cadre des stratégies numériques nationales. Les chapitres de la publication comprennent un survol de l’état actuel et futur de l’économie numérique; les principales tendances dans le secteur des TIC et les évolutions de la politique publique et de la réglementation des communications; la demande et l’adoption des TIC et les effets de l’économie numérique sur la croissance et le développement. Ce volume contient également un chapitre sur la confiance dans l’économie numérique et un chapitre sur l’Internet des objets.
Obecnie ludzie żyją dłużej niż kiedykolwiek wcześniej, a współczynnik urodzeń w większości krajów OECD systematycznie spada. W związku z tym konieczne jest takie dostosowanie wydatków na pomoc społeczną, które zapewni długoterminową stabilność systemu. Starsi pracownicy odgrywają znaczącą rolę na rynku pracy. Stopniowe podwyższanie wieku emerytalnego wiąże się z wydłużeniem aktywności zawodowej pracowników oraz potrzebą tworzenia nowych miejsc pracy. Jednocześnie z uwagi na niewielkie szanse na znalezienie nowego zatrudnienia starsi pracownicy, którzy utracili pracę, mogą być narażeni na długotrwałe bezrobocie. W jaki sposób rządy mogą przyczynić się do poprawy sytuacji? Co zrobić, aby wzmocnić zachęty do pracy oraz możliwości zatrudnienia? Jak powinna wyglądać promocja zróżnicowania wiekowego w przedsiębiorstwach? Niniejszy raport analizuje i dokonuje oceny najlepszych polityk służących zwiększaniu zatrudnialności, mobilności zawodowej oraz zapotrzebowania na pracę w starszym wieku.
Treść
Rozdział 1. Wyzwanie dla Polski „Żyć dłużej, pracować dłużej”
Rozdział 2. Sytuacja starszych pracowników na rynku pracy w Polsce
Rozdział 3. Zwiększanie korzyści uzyskiwanych przez osoby starsze podejmujące zatrudnienie w Polsce
Rozdział 4. Zachęcanie polskich pracodawców do zatrudniania i zatrzymywania starszych pracowników
Rozdział 5. Poprawa zatrudnialności starszych pracowników w Polsce
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National Accounts at a Glance presents information using an "indicator" approach, focusing on cross-country comparisons. The aim being to make the national accounts more accessible and informative, whilst, at the same time, taking the opportunity to present the conceptual underpinning of, and comparability issues inherent in, each of the indicators presented.
The range of indicators reflects the richness inherent in the national accounts dataset and encourages users to refocus some of the spotlight that is often placed on gross domestic product (GDP) to other economic important indicators, which may better respond to their needs. The publication is broken down into eight key chapters, and provides indicators related to GDP, income, disposable income, expenditure, production, household, government, corporations and capital respectively.
Los países desarrollados tienen el compromiso de movilizar, para el año 2020, la cantidad anual de 100.000 millones de dólares para la financiación de la lucha contra el cambio climático en los países en desarrollo. Transcurridos cinco años desde que se formulase ese compromiso en la COP15 de Copenhague de 2009, y cuando faltan seis para el año 2020, este documento da cuenta de los avances logrados y del nivel de financiación para el clima conseguido por los países desarrollados en el bienio 2013-14. Sin duda se han logrado importantes avances de cara a este objetivo. De acuerdo con las estimaciones preliminares de este informe, la financiación relacionada con el cambio climático alcanzó la cifra de 62.000 millones de dólares en 2014, frente a 52.000 millones en 2013, con lo que el promedio anual fue de 57.000 millones de dólares en el bienio de referencia. Este informe pretende ser transparente y riguroso en la evaluación de los datos disponibles, así como en la elección de los supuestos de que partir y en las metodologías utilizadas, dentro siempre de las limitaciones que supone todo informe sobre datos agregados. Los enfoques metodológicos y la recopilación de datos que avalan las presentes estimaciones evolucionan sin cesar. Pese a ello, y como se apunta en el propio informe, todavía queda bastante por hacer para poder contar en el futuro con unas estimaciones más exhaustivas y precisas. La OCDE y la Iniciativa de Política Climática (CPI) están dispuestas a apoyar en la realización de esos esfuerzos.
In 2009 developed countries committed to jointly mobilise USD 100 billion a year in climate finance by 2020 for climate action in developing countries. This report provides a status check on the level of climate finance mobilised by developed countries in 2013 and 2014, five years after this initial commitment was made at COP15 in Copenhagen. It shows that there has been significant progress in meeting this goal.
The report aims to be transparent and rigorous in its assessment of the available data and underlying assumptions and methodologies, within the constraints of an aggregate reporting exercise. While methodological approaches and data collection efforts to support estimates such as this one are improving, there nevertheless remains significant work to be done to arrive at more complete and accurate estimates in the future.
Les pays développés se sont engagés à mobiliser ensemble 100 milliards USD par an d’ici à 2020 afin de financer les efforts de lutte contre le changement climatique dans les pays en développement. Cinq ans après l’annonce de cet engagement, qui a été faite à Copenhague en 2009 lors de la COP15, et six ans avant la date butoir de 2020, ce rapport présente un état des lieux du financement climatique mobilisé à cette fin par les pays développés en 2013 et 2014. Des avancées non négligeables ont été réalisées vers cet objectif. Selon les estimations préliminaires que présente ce rapport, le financement climatique a atteint 62 milliards USD en 2014 et 52 milliards USD en 2013, ce qui équivaut à une moyenne de 57 milliards USD par an pour ces deux années. Le rapport s‘attache à faire preuve de transparence et de rigueur dans l’analyse des données disponibles et le choix des hypothèses et des méthodes sous-jacente, malgré les limites que peut imposer un exercice de notification globale. Les approches méthodologiques et les activités de collecte de données nécessaires pour étayer l’élaboration d’estimations de cette nature vont en s’améliorant. Comme le souligne le rapport, il reste néanmoins des efforts importants à faire pour parvenir à établir des estimations plus complètes et plus justes à l’avenir. L’OCDE et CPI sont prêts à appuyer cet effort.
The Korean shipbuilding industry made a significant contribution to the country’s rapid industrialisation in the post-World War 2 period, and it is now one of the top global players, leading by value and second only to China by volume. Korean shipbuilders’ output approximately tripled from 2000 until 2011, when the effects of the global financial crisis began to be reflected in yard activity, and the Korean industry accounted for 35% of global vessel completions (in gross tonne terms) in 2013. The shipbuilding industry forms an integral part of a wider maritime cluster, with marine equipment and steel comprising key inputs. The industry produces a wide variety of shiptypes, but there is a significant share of high-value, large vessels, such as container ships, very large crude oil tankers, and gas tankers. The prominence of high-value outputs has been supported by the industry’s R&D spending and skilled workforce.
A combination of rapidly increasing energy demand and fuel imports plus growing concern about economic and environmental consequences is generating growing calls for effective and thorough energy governance in India. Numerous policy reforms over the past 20 years have shifted the country’s energy sector from a state-dominated system towards one that is based on market principles. However, with the reform process left unfinished, India now finds itself trapped halfway along the transition to an open and well-performing energy sector.
India suffered from the largest power outage ever in late July 2012, affecting nearly half of the population. While this incident highlights the importance of modern and smart energy systems, it indicates that the country is increasingly unable to deliver a secure supply of energy to its population, a quarter of which still lacks access to electricity.
Understanding Energy Challenges in India aims to provide an informative and holistic understanding of India’s energy sector to stakeholders in India as well as the broad public.
The publication explores in detail the policies, players and issues of the country’s power, coal, oil and gas, renewables and nuclear sectors. It also highlights the key challenges India faces, challenges that must be resolved for the evolution of the fast-growing country’s energy sector towards a sustainable energy future and eventually critical for the prospects of the Indian and global economies.
Chinese NOCs first ventured overseas to invest in oil and gas production more than 20 years ago. Today, they have emerged to become international players with activities spreading across more than 40 countries and producing 2.5 million barrels of oil equivalent per day (mboe/d) of oil and gas outside of China. Chinese companies have contributed much-needed investments in global oil and gas production.
This report provides an update on overseas activity by China’s National Oil Companies (NOCs) between 2011 and 2013 and is a follow-up publication of IEA’s previous report in 2011, Overseas Investments by Chinese National Oil Companies: Assessing the Drivers and Impacts. It aims to examine the trends exhibited by investments made by Chinese NOCs and the risks and challenges they face today and raised the question if China’s long standing non-interference foreign policy could still be valid given China’s worldwide commercial interests, including those of the NOCs’.
Growing innovation capacity among emerging markets and increasing investment flows between them are creating new, reciprocal opportunities through the deployment of technological innovations and knowledge transfer. The case of Brazil and China is particularly relevant in this context. Between 2005 and 2012, the Brazilian energy sector absorbed USD 18.3 billion worth of investments from China. Sino-Brazilian trade and political relations have intensified over the past decade.
This report focuses on three main questions: What are the drivers behind Chinese investment in the Brazilian energy sector? What potential exists for inter-firm technology transfer between the Chinese and Brazilian companies involved? Do government-sponsored activities and academic exchanges complement inter-firm technology transfer? The analysis highlights the potential of energy technology co-operation between Brazil and China, the deployment of innovations in third countries and, more generally, the intensification of global co-operation in
The effective use of school resources is a policy priority across OECD countries. The OECD Reviews of School Resources explore how resources can be governed, distributed, utilised and managed to improve the quality, equity and efficiency of school education.
The series considers four types of resources: financial resources, such as public funding of individual schools; human resources, such as teachers, school leaders and education administrators; physical resources, such as location, buildings and equipment; and other resources such as learning time.
This series offers timely policy advice to both governments and the education community. It includes both country reports and thematic studies.
China will play a positive role in the global development of gas, the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) Executive Director, Maria Van der Hoeven has said in Beijing on 11 September, 2012 when launching a new IEA report: Gas Pricing and Regulation, China’s challenges and IEA experiences.
In line with its aim to meet growing energy demand while shifting away from coal, China has set an ambitious goal of doubling its use of natural gas from 2011 levels by 2015. Prospects are good for significant new supplies – both domestic and imported, conventional and unconventional – to come online in the medium-term, but notable challenges remain, particularly concerning gas pricing and the institutional and regulatory landscape.
While China’s circumstances are, in many respects unique, some current issues are similar to those a number of IEA countries have faced. This report highlights some key challenges China faces in its transition to greater reliance on natural gas, then explores in detail relevant experiences from IEA countries, particularly in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States as well as the European Union (EU). Preliminary suggestions about how lessons learned in other countries could be applied to China’s situation are offered as well.
The aim of this report is to provide stakeholders in China with a useful reference as they consider decisions about the evolution of the gas sector in their country.
The report is funded by the UK Strategic Programme Fund programme , and the EU delegation in Beijing and the World Bank have provided in-kind contributions. The project is supported by the Chinese government and co-implemented by China 5E.