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A regional ASEAN Power Grid (APG) would help ASEAN countries meet their rising energy demands, improve access to energy services and reduce the costs of developing an energy infrastructure. Two primary advantages of system integration are the increase in security of supply and efficiency. Larger service territories allow for the pooling of generating resources, thus taking advantage of the benefits of generation diversity.
Establishing electricity security regulations, co-ordinated planning, allocating the cost of transmission development, revising network codes and system monitoring is crucial for a functioning market. ASEAN member countries hence should work closely together to set common long-term goals for a regional market. The medium-term target should be harmonisation of grid codes and reliability standards. To ensure this, an independent regional regulator should be established and given a mandate to look after the common benefits and interests of the ASEAN member countries.
Coal is the principal fuel for the generation of electrical power globally. It is the leading source of power generation in OECD countries and the dominant fuel source behind economic growth in non-OECD countries. However, while providing over 40% of the world’s electricity, it is responsible for more than 70% of the CO2 arising from electricity generation.
The IEA carried out a project to examine the potential to improve the performance of existing coal-fired plants. Two power units in China were selected to showcase measures that would improve their net efficiency. The results built on the efficiency gains made under China’s national energy efficiency improvement programme and demonstrated the enormous potential to improve performance, with each percentage point increase capable of reducing CO2 emissions by many millions of tonnes over a unit’s operational lifetime. Experiences learned in China can be applied to improving coal-fired power plant efficiency worldwide.
The trading of natural gas in the Asia-Pacific region is dominated by long-term contracts in which the price of gas is indexed to that of oil. As the price of gas between Asia and other parts of the world has widened in recent years, observers have raised serious doubts about the sustainability of this pricing model. In this report, the IEA shows what it would take to create a functional, regional natural-gas trading hub in which prices reflect the local supply and demand fundamentals.
The report aims to provide stakeholders with insights on the changes that are required in the Asia-Pacific natural gas sector -- both downstream and upstream -- to allow a competitive natural gas price to emerge. Building on OECD Europe and OECD America experiences, this report sets out to assess perspectives for these changes in the Asia-Pacific natural gas markets. It identifies obstacles and opportunities for a competitive natural gas price in the Asian economies to emerge.
This book addresses the rising productivity gap between the global frontier and other firms, and identifies a number of structural impediments constraining business start-ups, knowledge diffusion and resource allocation (such as barriers to up-scaling and relatively high rates of skill mismatch).
Analysis based on micro and industry-level data highlights the importance of reallocation-friendly policies, including well-functioning product, labour and risk capital markets, efficient judicial systems, bankruptcy laws that do not excessively penalise failure, housing policies that do not unduly restrict labour mobility, and improvements in public funding and organisation of basic research which do not excessively favour applied vs basic research and incumbents vs young firms.
The Latin American Economic Outlook 2016 is devoted to the evolving relationship between Latin America and China, as well as its prospects in the long term. China's transformation involves a gradual shift in its development strategy, including the rebalancing process from investment to consumption, the demographic transition, the structural transformation towards high value-added goods and services, and a "going-out" policy to approach other regions. This report lays the ground for discussing future trends in the relationship between China and Latin America, given these changing patterns. Based on the analysis of potential transmission channels of China’s new model to the region, which include issues on trade, finance and skills, the outlook aims to identify strategies and policy responses for Latin America to overcome development challenges. Latin America and China can complement each other further and build a mutually beneficial partnership for development.
La edición 2016 de Perspectivas Económicas de América Latina explora los lazos cambiantes entre la región y China. A lo largo de la última década, China se ha posicionado como uno de sus socios comerciales más importantes. Esta relación está adquiriendo hoy una nueva dimensión, y ofrece a América Latina la oportunidad para construir una asociación mutuamente benéfica. En la medida en que China se transforme gradualmente de una economía basada en las exportaciones y la inversión hacia una basada en el consumo y los servicios, entre otros factores, América Latina tiene mucho que ganar participando más allá de un simple rol de proveedor de materias primas. El informe se basa en el análisis de diferentes canales a través de los cuales el nuevo modelo de China impactará la región, incluyendo el comercio, el financiamiento y la estrategia de competencias. Con base en ellos, identifica respuestas de política de largo plazo para contribuir a que América Latina fortalezca su asociación con China. El reporte destaca experiencias valiosas y mejores prácticas en estas áreas y propone estrategias para permitir a la región consolidar un crecimiento de largo plazo mientras asegura continuidad en su agenda social.
The OECD has initiated PISA for Development (PISA-D) in response to the rising need of developing countries to collect data about their education systems and the capacity of their student bodies. This report aims to compare and contrast approaches regarding the instruments that are used to collect data on (a) component skills and cognitive instruments, (b) contextual frameworks, and (c) the implementation of the different international assessments, as well as approaches to include children who are not at school, and the ways in which data are used. It then seeks to identify assessment practices in these three areas that will be useful for developing countries. This report reviews the major international and regional large-scale educational assessments: large-scale international surveys, school-based surveys and household-based surveys. For each of the issues discussed, there is a description of the prevailing international situation, followed by a consideration of the issue for developing countries and then a description of the relevance of the issue to PISA for Development.
Colombia’s record in extending health insurance and health services to its population is impressive. In 1990, around 1 in 6 of the population had health insurance. Now, nearly 97% do, with greatest expansion occurring amongst poorer households. Likewise, in 1993 out-of-pocket spending made up 52% of total national expenditure on health. By 2006, this had fallen to less than 15%. Although Colombia has high rates of income inequality (with a Gini coefficient of 53.5 in 2012, compared to the OECD average of 32.2), access to health care services is much more equal. In urban populations, for example, 1.8% of children aged less than two years of age are recorded as having received no routine vaccinations, compared to 1.0% of rural children. Colombia nevertheless faces important challenges to maintain and improve the performance of its health system. This report looks at Colombia’s health care system in detail and offers recommendations on what Colombia can do to ensure accessibility, quality, efficiency and sustainability.
This report evaluates the corporate governance framework for the Lithuanian state-owned enterprise sector relative to the OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State-Owned Enterprises (the “SOE Guidelines”). The report was prepared at the request of the Republic of Lithuania. It is the third country review conducted by the OECD Working Party on State Ownership and Privatisation Practices, the body responsible for encouraging and overseeing the effective implementation of the SOE Guidelines. The review process is open to OECD countries as well as partner countries.
Cette publication présente les effectifs et les caractéristiques des populations émigrées par pays d’origine avec une attention particulière portée sur les niveaux d’éducation et la situation sur le marché du travail. Elle offre aux pays d’origine un portrait détaillé de la taille et de la composition de leurs diasporas ainsi que de leur évolution depuis 2000. Elle est composée d’un chapitre de synthèse et de six chapitres régionaux : Asie et Océanie, Amérique latine et Caraïbes, pays de l’OCDE, pays européens hors OCDE et Asie centrale, Moyen-Orient et Afrique du Nord et Afrique subsaharienne. Les chapitres régionaux sont suivis d’une note régionale et des notes par pays.
Im OECD-Wirtschaftsausblick analysiert die OECD zweimal jährlich die wichtigsten wirtschaftlichen Trends und die Aussichten für die kommenden zwei Jahre. Der Wirtschaftsausblick liefert einen in sich stimmigen Satz von Projektionen zu gesamtwirtschaftlicher Produktion, Beschäftigung, Preisentwicklung, Haushaltssalden und Leistungsbilanzen.
Diese Analysen und Projektionen erstrecken sich auf alle OECD-Mitgliedsländer sowie ausgewählte Nichtmitgliedsländer. Die vorliegende Ausgabe enthält eine allgemeine Beurteilung der Wirtschaftslage, ein Sonderkapitel zum Klimawandel, ein Kapitel mit Zusammenfassungen und entsprechenden Projektionen der Entwicklung in den einzelnen Ländern sowie einen umfassenden Statistischen Anhang.
Tackling mental ill-health of the working-age population is a key issue for labour market and social policies in OECD countries. OECD governments increasingly recognise that policy has a major role to play in keeping people with mental ill-health in employment or bringing those outside of the labour market back to it, and in preventing mental illness. This report on Australia is the ninth and last in a series of reports looking at how the broader education, health, social and labour market policy challenges identified in Sick on the Job? Myths and Realities about Mental Health and Work (OECD, 2012) are being tackled in a number of OECD countries. It concludes that policy thinking in Australia shows well-advanced awareness both of the costs of mental illness for society as a whole and of the health benefits of employment. However, challenges remain in: making employment issues a concern of the health care services; helping young people succees in their future working lives; making the workplace a safe, supportive psychosocial environment; and better designing and targeting employment services for jobseekers with mental ill-health.
Strategically managing crises is an essential responsibility of governments. Often critical decisions need to be made swiftly under difficult and complex conditions, as crises’ impacts may spread beyond national borders and can trigger significant economic, social and environmental knock-on effects. Governments have a significant role to play in strengthening the resilience of their populations, communities and critical infrastructure networks. This report highlights the changing landscape of crises that governments are confronted with today. It discusses new approaches to deal with both traditional and new kinds of crises, and invites reflection on how best governments can adapt to change. Topics covered include capacity for early warning and “sense-making”, crisis communication and the role of social media, as well as strategic crisis management exercises. Finally, the review proposes practical policy guidance for strategic crisis management.
As crianças precisam de um conjunto equilibrado de competências cognitivas e socioemocionais para ser bem-sucedidas na vida moderna. A capacidade de atingir objetivos, de trabalhar eficientemente em grupo e de lidar com as emoções será essencial para enfrentar os desafios do século 21. Enquanto todos reconhecem a importância de competências socioemocionais como perseverança, sociabilidade e autoestima, há insuficiente conscientização sobre o que “funciona” para melhorá-las. Professores e pais não sabem se seus esforços para o desenvolviento dessas competências estão de fato dando resultado nem o que poderia ser feito para aprimorá-las. Políticas e programas planejados para medir e aperfeiçoar competências socioemocionais variam consideravelmente entre países, e mesmo internamente no mesmo país.
Este relatório apresenta a síntese do trabalho analítico da OCDE sobre o papel das competências socioemocionais e propõe estratégias para desenvolvê-las. Analisa, ainda, os efeitos das competências sobre diversos indicadores de bem-estar individual e progresso social, cobrindo aspectos de nossas vidas tão diferentes quanto educação, desempenho no mercado de trabalho, saúde, vida familiar, engajamento cívico e satisfação com a vida. Também discute como legisladores, escolas e famílias facilitam o desenvolvimento de competências socioemocionais mediante programas de intervenção, ensino e criação. Ele não apenas identifica perspectivas promissoras para fomentar as competências socioemocionais, com também mostra que essas competências podem ser mensuradas de forma significativa dentro de limites culturais e linguísticos.
Conteúdo
Sumário executivo
Capítulo 1. O papel da educação e das competências no mundo atual
Capítulo 2. Contextos de aprendizagem, competências e progresso social: uma estrutura conceitual
Capítulo 3. Competências que promovem o sucesso por toda a vida
Capítulo 4. Contextos de aprendizagem que promovem a formação de competências
Capítulo 5. Políticas, práticas e avaliações que ampliam as competências socioemocionais
Capítulo 6. Como fomentar competências socioemocionais?
Ce rapport formule des recommandations sous la forme de composantes permettant d’élaborer des règles efficaces applicables aux sociétés étrangères contrôlées (SEC). Ces recommandations visent à garantir que les pays qui choisissent de les mettre en œuvre sont dotés de règles qui empêchent les contribuables de transférer des revenus vers des filiales étrangères. Le rapport recense les six composantes suivantes pour la conception de règles efficaces sur les SEC : (1) définition d’une SEC, (2) exemptions aux règles sur les SEC et obligations de seuil, (3) définition du revenu, (4) calcul du revenu, (5) attribution du revenu, et (6) règles tendant à prévenir et supprimer la double imposition. Étant donné que chaque pays a des priorités différentes, les recommandations offrent une certaine souplesse pour appliquer les règles sur les SEC visant les pratiques de BEPS en conformité avec les objectifs stratégiques d’ensemble de son système fiscal et avec les obligations juridiques internationales qui lui incombent.
In the field of long-term radioactive waste management, projects to construct repositories normally last from decades to centuries. Such projects will inevitably have an effect on the host community from the planning stage to the end of construction and beyond. The key to a long-lasting and positive relationship between a site and its host community is ensuring that solutions are reached together throughout the entire process. The sustainability of radioactive waste management solutions can potentially be achieved through design and implementation of a facility that provides added cultural and amenity value, as well as economic opportunities, to the local community.
This second edition of Fostering a Durable Relationship Between a Waste Management Facility and its Host Community: Adding Value Through Design and Process highlights new innovations in siting processes and in facility design – functional, cultural and physical – from different countries, which could be of added value to host communities and their sites in the short to long term. These new features are examined from the perspective of sustainability, with a focus on increasing the likelihood that people will both understand the facility and its functions, and remember what is located at the site.
This 2015 update by the NEA Forum on Stakeholder Confidence will be beneficial in designing paths forward for local or regional communities, as well as for national radioactive waste management programmes.
The Preservation of Records, Knowledge and Memory (RK&M) across Generations initiative was launched by the Nuclear Energy Agency in 2011 to foster international reflection and progress towards this goal and to meet increasing demands by waste management specialists and other interested parties for viable and shared strategies. The RK&M initiative is now in its second phase, which is to last until 2017. Phase I culminated on 15‑17 September 2014 with the organisation of an international conference and debate on "Constructing Memory" held in Verdun, France.
The conference was attended by approximately 200 participants from 17 countries and 3 international organisations. Participants included specialists from the radioactive waste management area and beyond, academics in the fields of archaeology, communications, cultural heritage, geography and history, as well as artists, archivists, representatives from local heritage societies and from communities that could host a radioactive waste repository.
Les boissons alcoolisées, et leur consommation nocive, sont depuis toujours un trait commun des sociétés humaines. L’alcool est l’une des premières causes de morbidité et de mortalité prématurée dans le monde. Il est en effet à l’origine d’un décès sur 17, et d’une proportion importante de handicaps, surtout chez les hommes. Dans les pays de l’OCDE, la consommation d’alcool est près de deux fois supérieure à la moyenne mondiale. Son coût social est estimé à plus de 1 % du PIB dans les pays à revenu élevé et intermédiaire. Quand elle n’est pas liée à une dépendance, la consommation d’alcool est un choix individuel, déterminé par des normes sociales et associé de fortes connotations culturelles. Cela se traduit par des schémas uniques de disparités sociales face à la consommation d’alcool, les plus aisés étant dans certains cas plus enclins à boire dangereusement, et par une polarisation des problèmes de consommation excessive aux deux extrémités du spectre social. Certaines habitudes de consommation d’alcool ont un impact social, ce qui justifie amplement sur le plan économique le fait que les pouvoirs publics cherchent à influencer les comportements en prenant des mesures axées sur la réduction des préjudices, y compris ceux subis par les personnes autres que les consommateurs. Certaines stratégies sont plus efficaces et judicieuses que d’autres, selon qu’elles parviennent à faire évoluer les normes sociales et à cibler les groupes les plus vulnérables. La présente publication examine dans le détail les tendances et les disparités sociales liées à la consommation d’alcool. Elle présente en outre une vaste analyse des effets sanitaires, sociaux et économiques des principales politiques de lutte contre les méfaits de l’alcool dans trois pays de l’OCDE (Allemagne, Canada et République tchèque), et dégage des messages pertinents pour l’action des pouvoirs publics dans un plus grand nombre de pays.
The report provides a comprehensive picture on the territorial differences in many well-being dimensions across the 31 Mexican states and the Federal District. It represents a sound base for state and local policy makers, political leaders and citizens to better understand people’s living conditions, gauge progress in various aspects of economy and society and use these indicators to improve the design and implementation of policies. It is a part of the “How’s Life in Your Region?” work produced by the OECD Public Governance and Territorial Development Directorate at the behest of the Regional Development Policy Committee.
Data on government sector receipts, and on taxes in particular, are basic inputs to most structural economic descriptions and economic analyses and are increasingly used in economic comparisons. This annual publication gives a conceptual framework to define which government receipts should be regarded as taxes. It presents a unique set of detailed and internationally comparable tax data in a common format for all OECD countries from 1965 onwards.