Browse by: "2018"

This annual publication provides comprehensive data on the volume, origin and types of aid and other resource flows to around 150 developing countries. The data show each country's receipts of official development assistance as well as other official and private funds from members of the Development Assistance Committee of the OECD, multilateral agencies and other key donors.  Key development indicators are given for reference.

Lithuania has undergone major economic and social change since the early 1990s. Despite an exceptionally deep recession following the global financial crisis, impressive economic growth over the past two decades has narrowed income and productivity gaps relative to comparable countries in the OECD. But Lithuania faces a massive demographic challenge, mostly as a result of large and persistent emigration driven primarily by low wages and poor working conditions. Income inequality is also very high, and households at the bottom of the income distribution have recently benefited very little from the recovery. Major reforms of the labour code, the unemployment insurance system, employment policies and pensions were recently undertaken within the New Social Model to improve labour maket adaptibility and income security. This report provides comprehensive analysis of Lithuania’s policies and practices compared with best practice in the field of labour, social and migration from the OECD countries. It contains several recommendations to tackle key challenges facing Lithuania. This report will be of interest in Lithuania as well as other countries looking to promote a more inclusive economy.

This report examines governance frameworks to counter illicit trade. It looks at the adequacy and effectiveness of sanctions and penalties applicable, the steps parties engaged in illicit trade take to lower the risk of detection - for example through small shipments - and the use of free trade zones as hubs for managing trade in illicit products. It also identifies gaps in enforcement that may need to be addressed. The report provides an overview of selected enforcement issues in BRICS economies (Brazil, China, India, the Russian Federation and South Africa).

Als international anerkanntes Standardwerk zur Methodik der Erhebung und Verwendung von FuE-Statistiken ist das Frascati-Handbuch der OECD ein wesentliches Instrument für Statistiker und wissenschafts- und innovationspolitische Entscheidungsträger weltweit. Es umfasst Definitionen der grundlegenden Konzepte, Leitlinien für die Datenerhebung und Klassifikationen für die Erfassung von FuE-Statistiken. Diese aktualisierte Ausgabe des Handbuchs enthält überarbeitete Leitlinien, die den jüngsten Veränderungen bei der Durchführung und Finanzierung von FuE sowie der verstärkten Nutzung von FuE-Statistiken und -Definitionen Rechnung tragen. Darüber hinaus bietet die vorliegende Ausgabe neue Kapitel zu den praktischen Aspekten der Erhebung von FuE-Daten in verschiedenen Sektoren ebenso wie neue Leitlinien für die Erfassung verschiedener Aspekte der staatlichen FuE-Förderung, wie z.B. Steueranreize.

Strong growth and remarkable social progress over the past two decades have made Brazil one of the world’s leading economies, despite the deep recession that the economy is now emerging from. However, inequality remains high and fiscal accounts have deteriorated substantially, calling for wide-ranging reforms to sustain progress on inclusive growth. A better focus of social expenditures towards the poor would reduce inequality and ensure sustainability of public debt at the same time. This will require difficult political choices, particularly in pensions and social transfers. Reducing economic transfers to the corporate sector, in conjunction with more systematic evaluations of public expenditure programmes, will strengthen growth, improve economic governance and limit the future scope for rent seeking and political kick-backs. Maintaining the growth potential of the economy requires stronger investment, which could also raise productivity and concomitantly, the scope for future wage increases. Simplifying taxes, reducing administrative burdens and streamlining licensing would raise investment returns, while stronger competition could generate new investment opportunities in thriving, high-performing enterprises. At the same time, trade barriers shield enterprises from global opportunities and foreign competition. Fostering a stronger integration into global trade would allow firms to become more competitive and generate new export opportunities.
SPECIAL FEATURES: STRENGTHENING INVESTMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE; FOSTERING INTEGRATION INTO THE WORLD ECONOMY
 

This report assesses how Kazakhstan measures up in the development and application of its national health accounts, delivering a set of recommendations to improve the country’s health care financing information. As Kazakhstan has made significant economic progress over recent decades, health has risen on the policy agenda with a number of sector reforms introduced to modernise the system and improve the health of the population. Informing this agenda and monitoring progress towards health system goals requires accurate, timely and comprehensive information on health care financing and spending. A clear understanding of the resource allocations and drivers in the health sector is a prerequisite to support health system performance in Kazakhstan.

Kazakhstan has made significant economic progress over recent decades. Health has risen on the policy agenda with a number of sector reforms introduced to modernise the system and improve the health of the population. This review uses globally recognised frameworks and indicators to evaluate Kazakhstan’s overall health system as well as its primary care and hospital sectors. Data provided by Kazakhstan is used to benchmark the various dimensions of performance with that of OECD countries. While the review points to notable successes, Kazakhstan continues to face challenges to improve the accessibility, equity, and efficiency of health services. To strengthen health system performance, the report points to key actions that Kazakhstan should consider prioritising in the coming years.

В Казахстане, Кыргызстане, Монголии, Таджикистане, Туркменистане и Узбекистане начиная с 2000 года зарегистрирован впечатляющий экономический рост, обусловленный главным образом экспортом сырьевых товаров и рабочей силы. Однако завершение товарного суперцикла и недавнее замедление темпов экономического роста выявили наличие рисков, неизбежно сопровождающих такую зависимость от экспорта полезных ископаемых и от притока денежных переводов; также проявились и трудности, которые предстоит преодолеть для достижения более стабильного и всеобъемлющего роста. В странах Центральной Азии давно признана важность повышения конкурентоспособности экономики, диверсификации структур производства и повышения устойчивости к внешним потрясениям. Для решения этих задач потребуются амбициозные реформы в трех областях: государственное управление, торгово-транспортная связность и деловая среда. Настоящая публикация посвящена главным образом аспектам делового климата и отражает результаты работы ОЭСР со странами Центральной Азии, проделанной за несколько лет, в области доступа к финансированию, интернационализации предприятий и совершенствования профессиональных навыков. Каждое из представленных здесь ситуационных исследований по отдельным странам является результатом одного из проектов, осуществляемых ОЭСР совместно с правительствами Казахстана, Кыргызстана, Монголии, Таджикистана и Узбекистана.

The quality of life of Chileans improved significantly over the last decades, supported by a stable macroeconomic framework, bold structural reforms, such as trade and investment liberalisation, and buoyant natural-resource sectors. A solid macroeconomic policy framework has also smoothed adjustment to the end of the commodity boom, contributing to low unemployment, resilient household consumption and a stable financial sector. Still, progress has recently slowed and Chile’s catch-up in living standards is challenged by low and stagnant productivity and a still high level of inequality. Raising incomes and well-being further will depend on strengthening skills and greater inclusion of women and low-skilled workers in the labour force. Increasing the quality of education, reforms to ensure the training system benefits the unemployed and inactive and measures to reduce the segmentation of the labour market would enhance productivity and inclusiveness. Promising firms also still lack opportunities to grow, export and innovate, despite recent reforms to ease business entry costs and export procedures. Further simplification of trade and regulatory procedures, and reforms in the transport sector, would strengthen productivity and investment.
SPECIAL FEATURES: BOOSTING EXPORT PERFORMANCE; POLICIES FOR MORE AND BETTER JOBS

Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan have recorded impressive economic growth rates since 2000, driven mainly by the export of commodities and labour. However, the end of the commodity super-cycle and the recent economic slowdown highlighted the risks inherent in this reliance on minerals exports and remittances, as well as the challenges to be overcome to achieve more stable and inclusive growth. The Central Asian countries have long recognised the importance of enhancing the competitiveness of their economies, diversifying the production structures and improving the resilience to external shocks. This will require ambitious reforms in three areas: governance, connectivity, and business environment. This publication focuses mostly on aspects of the business environment and reflects several years of OECD work with Central Asian countries on access to finance, business internationalisation and skills development. Each of the country case studies presented here is the result of a country-specific project carried out by the OECD, hand-in-hand with the governments of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan.

La publication est produite par le Programme d'indicateurs de l'entrepreneuriat OCDE-Eurostat sur la base de données officielles. L'édition 2017 inclut un chapitre sur les nouvelles tendances, qui présente également les développements récents liés à l'émergence des « travailleurs à la demande » et à l'utilisation des outils numériques par les microentreprises.

As “market referees”, regulators contribute to the delivery of essential public utilities. Their organisational culture, behaviour and governance are important factors in how regulators, and the sectors they oversee, perform. The OECD Performance Assessment Framework for Economic Regulators (PAFER) looks at the institutions, processes and practices that can create an organisational culture of performance and results. The report uses PAFER to assess elements linked to both the internal and external governance of Ireland's Commission for Regulation of Utilities (CRU). The review acknowledges the achievements and good practices put in place by the regulator since its creation. It also analyses the key drivers of CRU’s performance and proposes an integrated reform package to help the regulator prepare for the future.