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This report is concerned with policies that directly support the production or consumption of fossil fuels in OECD countries and in a selection of partner economies. It provides a useful complement to the online OECD database that identifies and estimates direct budgetary transfers and tax expenditures benefitting fossil fuels, and from which it derives summary results and indicators on support to fossil fuels, as well as policy recommendations.
This report emphasises the problems that fossil-fuel subsidies cause in the context of broader policy efforts to mitigate greenhouse-gas emissions, and reviews the various reform initiatives that have already been taken at the international level (G-20, APEC, etc.). In addition, it presents methods for combining the IEA and OECD support estimates and for measuring the support element of government credit assistance.
This report is a first step towards building a qualitative understanding of the way illicit or criminal activities interact with the economy, security and development of West African states. Going beyond a traditional analysis of illicit financial flows (IFFs), which typically emphasises the scale of monetary flows, the report examines the nature of thirteen overlapping, and oftentimes mutually reinforcing, criminal and illicit economies, with a view to identify their resulting financial flows and development linkages. In taking this approach, this report identifies the networks and drivers that allow these criminal economies to thrive, with a particular emphasis on the actors and incentives behind them. As a conclusion to this work, this report proposes a series of policy considerations to assist countries to prioritise and focus their responses to reduce the development impacts of IFFs. Resolving the problem of IFFs requires responding to underlying development challenges, and tackling all parts of the problem in source, transit and destination countries.
Ce rapport est une première étape vers la construction d’une analyse plus qualitative de la manière dont les activités illicites ou criminelles interagissent avec l'économie, la sécurité et le développement des États de la région de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. L’analyse traditionnelle des flux financiers illicites met généralement l'accent sur l'ampleur des flux monétaires. Ce rapport vise à dépasser cette approche en examinant la nature de treize économies illicites ou criminelles, qui sont souvent liées quand elles ne se renforcent pas mutuellement, avec pour objectif d'identifier les flux financiers et les impacts sur le développement qui en résultent. En adoptant cette approche, le rapport identifie les réseaux et les facteurs qui permettent à ces économies criminelles de prospérer, et met l'accent sur les acteurs et les incitations qui les sous-tendent. En conclusion de ce travail, le rapport propose une série de considérations politiques pour aider les pays à hiérarchiser et à cibler leurs réponses afin de réduire les impacts sur le développement des flux financiers illicites. Pour résoudre le problème des flux financiers illicites, il faut prendre en compte les défis sous-jacents liés au développement et s'attaquer au problème dans sa globalité dans les pays d'origine, de transit et de destination.
Ce livre synthétise les travaux récents de l'OCDE analysant les politiques commerciales et quantifiant leurs impacts sur les importations et les exportations, la performance des secteurs manufacturiers et des services, et comment les restrictions au commerce des services influencent les décisions et les résultats des entreprises internationales. Basé sur l'indice de restrictivité des échanges de services (IRES) de l'OCDE - un outil sans équivalent fondé sur des preuves qui fournit des instantanés de la réglementation des services dans 22 secteurs dans 44 pays (représentant plus de 80% du commerce mondial des services) – l’analyse souligne l'ampleur, la nature et l'impact des coûts engendrés par les politiques commerciales restrictives sur les services. Les nouvelles preuves découvertes visent à informer les décideurs des politiques commerciales et le secteur privé sur les effets probables de réformes réglementaires unilatérales ou concertées et à aider à prioriser l'action politique.
Одним из главных вызовов, который стоит перед Республикой Бурятия - субъектом Российской Федерации, является необходимость найти верный баланс при решении двух задач: защиты озера Байкал как уникального водного объекта, включенного в список Всемирного природного наследия ЮНЕСКО, и его экосистемы, и динамичного и устойчивого социально-экономического развития республики. Это требует совершенствования водной политики и ее инструментов: экономических, административных, информационных и других. Рекомендации данного отчета направлены на достижение этой цели. Они включают: введение платы за забор поливной воды (за воду, как природный ресурс); усиление господдержки водного сектора; и улучшение экономических инструментов управления рисками негативного воздействия вод (в т.ч. с использованием таких инструментов, как обязательное страхование и дифференциация ставок земельного налога в зонах высокого риска затопления). Также рекомендуется опробовать ряд инновационных инструментов, таких как: установление лимитов сброса определенных опасных загрязняющих веществ в пилотной зоне (например, в бассейне реки Селенга) и постепенное развития рынка купли-продажи квот на сбросы этих веществ в пределах установленного лимита сброса; а также введение платы за (налога на) токсичные агрохимикаты (пестициды, гербициды и другие) и синтетические моющие средства, чтобы создать стимулы к сокращению диффузного загрязнения водных ресурсов.
There are important differences in the markets for medicines in countries in Asia and the Pacific in this study. These are mainly due to the political, financial and regulatory environments as well as characteristics of the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry. However, all countries face the test of transition brought about by demographic changes, shifting epidemiological trends and increasing inequities, among others. As with other regions of the world, a characteristic of lower- and upper-middle-income countries is that pharmaceuticals account for a high proportion of health expenditures. Medicines account for a larger share of the health budgets in resource-constrained countries.
C’est dans les régions et les villes que les effets des politiques visant à promouvoir la croissance économique et l'inclusion sociale se font sentir. Les Perspectives Régionales de l'OCDE 2016 examine l'écart de productivité croissant entre les régions au sein des pays, et ce que ces tendances impliquent en ce qui est du bien-être des personnes vivant dans des endroits différents. Cette publication analyse la manière dont les politiques structurelles, les investissements publics et les réformes de gouvernance multi-niveaux peuvent contribuer à un accroissement de la productivité et à aborder les problèmes d’inclusion. En s'appuyant sur un sondage auprès des pays de l'OCDE, cette publication met l'accent sur les pratiques nationales en matière de politique de développement régional, urbain et rural qui orientent l'investissement public. La deuxième partie consacrée aux zones rurales examine différents types de zones rurales et les tendances quant à leur performance en matière de productivité, et suggère que les pays avancent vers une «Politique rurale 3.0». Le Grand Débat : les régions et les villes au service des grandes initiatives mondiales comprend des chapitres élaborés par de nombreuses organisations internationales de premier plan sur les différentes façon à travers lesquelles les régions et les villes peuvent contribuer à atteindre les objectifs d'accords tels que l'Accord de Paris et les Objectifs de développement durable. Les profils de pays individuels donnent un aperçu des politiques de développement régional, urbain et rural, ainsi que des performances en termes de productivité et de bien-être entre les différentes régions.
Emissions from energy use cause environmental and health damages and they also contribute to climate change. By charging for these damages, taxes on energy use can reduce excessive emissions, while raising revenue that can be used to fund vital government services.
This report assesses the magnitude and coverage of taxes on energy use - carbon taxes and other specific taxes on energy use - in 2015, across different countries and selected country groups, six sectors and five main fuel groups. It also considers change in effective tax rates on energy use between 2012 and 2015. The analysis is based on the OECD’s Taxing Energy Use database, a unique dataset to compare coverage and magnitude of specific taxes on energy use across 42 OECD and G20 economies, which together represent approximately 80% of global energy use and CO2-emissions associated with energy use.
Estonian agriculture has undergone significant growth and structural change since the 1990s in a policy and regulatory environment that has been mostly supportive of investment. The implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy has contributed to the modernisation of the country's agriculture, leading to high productivity growth with relatively limited environmental pressure. High educational levels and strong public research institutions have also provided a fertile environment for innovation in Estonia, although Estonian agri-food companies struggle to participate in food and agricultural research activities. Attracting and retaining people in the agriculture sector at a time of growing labour and skills shortages in rural areas is an increasing challenge. Further innovation and adaptation will be needed to sustain and expand agriculture and food in Estonia.
2030 지속가능발전의제(2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development)와 아디스아바바행동의제(Addis Ababa Action Agenda)를 채택함에 따라 OECD 국가를 포함한 모든 UN 회원국은 “모든 수준에서 모든 행위자가 지속가능한 발전을 위한 정책 일관성과 유리한 환경을 추구”하기로 약속했다. 지속가능발전목표(SDG)에는 “지속가능한 발전을 위한 정책 일관성(PCSD)을 강화”하는 이행 수단에 대한 세부 목표(17:14)가 포함되어 있다.
정책 일관성을 강화하는 것은 효과적인 거버넌스뿐 아니라 국제 개발 달성의 지속적인 도전과제이다. 주로 OECD의 개발원조위원회(Development Assistance Committee, DAC) 회원국 정부는 상충하는 정책 목표와 이해관계를 조정하고 관리하는 제도적 메커니즘과 절차를 마련함으로써 이러한 문제를 해결하려고 했다. “PCD 구성요소”로 알려진 이러한 메커니즘에는 i) 약속 이행에 기여하는 정치적 의지와 정책 선언문, ii) 정책 간의 충돌이나 불일치를 해결할 수 있는 정책 조정, 그리고 iii) 의사결정에 정보를 제공하기 위해 정책 영향을 모니터링, 분석, 보고하는 시스템이 포함된다. 이러한 메커니즘의 목적은 국내외 정책이 개발도상국의 개발 목표를 지원하거나 적어도 약화시키지 않도록 보장하는 것이다.
그러나 20년 넘게PCD를 추진해온 결과, PCD를 위한 제도적 메커니즘이 시작점에 불과하다는 사실이 점점 분명해지고 있다. 제도적 메커니즘은 SDG 맥락에서도 관련이 있지만, 새로운 의제의 비전과 요구에 효과적으로 대응하려면 바뀌어야 한다. 이러한 메커니즘은 i) 외교, 개발 부처, 그리고 원조 기관을 넘어서 범정부적인 참여를 이끌어내고, ii) 부문별 정책 간(정책 갈등, 상충관계, 시너지효과) 그리고 국내외 정책 간의 다양한 상호작용을 관리할 수 있는 권한과 역량을 갖추며, iii) 사전, 시행 중, 사후에 정책 영향을 체계적으로 고려하고, iv) 주요 이해관계자, 특히 CSO와 민간부문을 참여시키며, v) 모니터링 및 보고 시스템을 강화하기 위해 국가 역량을 동원해야 할 것이다.
‘민간부문의 지속가능한 개발 참여: 개발원조위원회에서 얻은 교훈’은 DAC 회원국의 경험을 활용하여 새롭게 나타나고 있는 동향과 모범사례, 교훈을 확인합니다. DAC 회원국은 다양한 동료학습 결과 보고서를 시기적절하게 기고하며, 민간부문을 참여시키기 위한 방법을 확장, 개선, 통합합니다. 이 보고서와 관련 자료는 실제 경험과 최신 증거에 바탕을 두고 있으며, 민간부문 참여의 정치, 정책 및 제도적 기반을 살펴보고 민간부문 참여방안을 포트폴리오로 구성하여 관리하기 위한 지침을 제공합니다. 또한, 위험을 최소화하고 결과를 실현할 수 있는 실무방안을 공유합니다
The Economic Outlook for Southeast Asia, China and India is a bi-annual publication on regional economic growth, development and regional integration in Emerging Asia. It focuses on the economic conditions of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member countries: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. It also addresses relevant economic issues in China and India to fully reflect economic developments in the region. Each edition of the Outlook comprises four main parts, each highlighting a particular dimension of recent economic developments in the region. The first part presents the regional economic monitor, depicting the economic outlook and macroeconomic challenges in the region. The second part takes stock of recent progress made in key aspects of regional integration. The third part consists of a special thematic chapter addressing a major issue facing the region. The 2018 edition focuses on fostering growth through digitalisation. And the fourth part includes structural policy country notes offering country-specific reviews and recommendations.
The Fifth International Nuclear Emergency Exercise (INEX-5) was developed in response to NEA member countries' desire to test and demonstrate the value of changes put in place following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident. INEX-5 was held during 2015 and 2016, and was followed by the Fifth International Nuclear Emergency Exercise (INEX-5) Workshop in early 2017. Representatives from 22 member countries, the International Atomic Energy Agency and the European Commission attended the workshop, where participants identified elements emerging from INEX-5 that would help improve international and national arrangements for notification, communication and interfaces related to catastrophic events involving radiation or radiological materials.
The workshop was an interactive experience structured around invited presentations, moderated discussions and breakout groups that addressed the four broad topics of communication and information sharing with other countries and international partners; cross-border and international co-ordination of protective actions; mid- and long-term aspects of recovery; and connections with the work of other international organisations and networks. These proceedings provide a summary of the proposals and recommendations for future work in emergency management.
Les informations contenues dans cette publication rassemblent les statistiques sur les échanges internationaux par catégories détaillées de services pour les 35 pays de l’OCDE, l’Union européenne, la zone euro, la Colombie, le Costa Rica, la Lithuanie et la Fédération de Russie, ainsi que des liens vers des définitions et des notes méthodologiques. Les données sont fournies et publiées selon la cinquième et la sixième édition du Manuel de la balance des paiements du FMI et la Classification élargie des services de la balance des paiements, qui est compatible avec la classification de la balance des paiements tout en étant plus détaillée.
Cet ouvrage inclut des tableaux récapitulatifs par pays et par catégories de service, et des totaux par zone pour l’Union européenne et la zone euro. Les données par catégories détaillées de services sont également fournies pour chaque pays, pour l’UE et pour la zone euro. Les séries sont exprimées en dollars des États-Unis et couvrent la période 2012-2016.
This OECD publication includes statistics by detailed type of service on international trade in services for the 35 OECD countries, the European Union, the Euro area, Colombia, Costa Rica, Lithuania and the Russian Federation as well as links to definitions and methodological notes. The data are reported within the framework of the fifth and sixth editions of the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual and the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification (EBOPS), which is consistent with the balance of payments classification but is more detailed.
This book includes summary tables by country and by service category and zone totals for the European Union and the Euro area as well as tables for each individual country and for the EU and the Euro area showing data for detailed service categories. Series are shown in US dollars and cover the period 2012-2016.
This report, undertaken within the framework of the OECD Champion Mayors for Inclusive Growth initiative, assesses inclusive growth trends and challenges in the Seoul metropolitan area. The analysis goes beyond income to assess the barriers faced by specific groups - non-regular workers, youth, women, the elderly and migrants - across four dimensions: education, labour market, housing and the urban environment, and infrastructure and public services. The study then takes a closer look at two major policy efforts by the Seoul Metropolitan Government to advance inclusive growth. The study analyses the city’s efforts to ensure that strategies to address climate change also protect and benefit the most vulnerable populations, notably through the Promise of Seoul, which puts citizen welfare and social inclusion at the heart of the city’s efforts to tackle climate change. The study also assesses the efforts of city authorities to level the playing field for small firms and entrepreneurs through its Economic Democratisation Agenda.
This report highlights the latest trends in government innovation. The topics identified through this review are not the only trends and examples in government innovation, but they do provide a glimpse of where government innovation stands today and where it may be going tomorrow.
This report provides a comprehensive assessment of Viet Nam’s urban policies and analyses how national spatial planning for urban areas, along with specific sectoral policies, directly and indirectly affect Viet Nam’s urban development. It points to a number of policy areas which Viet Nam can tap into, in order to fully capitalise on the unique opportunities that its urbanisation process may bring about, including urban transport, housing, land, the quality of urban environment, and urban green growth. The review also assesses the efficiency and effectiveness of current urban governance arrangements, and makes recommendations for Viet Nam to develop an attractive and well-managed system of large and medium-sized cities, thereby contributing to achieving its sustainable development objectives.
Korea is often cited as a leading example of how sound economic policies can drive growth and development, blazing a trail from poverty to advanced industrialisation throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Building on its reputation as a development success, Korea now plays a highly valued role on the global stage, sharing its knowledge with others and helping to bridge the divide between developing and developed country interests. Among other issues, this review looks at how Korea shares its own impressive development experience with others and how it is dealing with key challenges in co-ordinating grants and loans across government. It also explores how Korea is expanding its aid programme to work on new priorities such as assistance to fragile and crisis-affected countries.
이 보고서는 OECD의 격년 발행 사회적 지표 개황인 한눈에 보는 사회(Society at a Glance)의 여덟번째 판이다. 이 보고서는 점점
커져가는 사회적 웰빙과 트렌드에 관한 정략적 증거 요구에 대응하기 위해 만들어졌다. 이번 판에서는 2001년 최초 발행시부터
다루었던 지표와 몇 개의 새로운 지표들을 추가하여 총 25개의 지표를 다루고 있다. 여기에는 35개 OECD 회원국 자료와 접근
가능한 핵심 파트너 국가(브라질, 중국, 인도, 인도네시아, 러시아, 남아공)의 자료, 기타 G20국가(아르헨티나와 사우디 아라비아)
자료도 포함하고 있다. 이번 보고서는 특별히 NEET Challenge와 실업 및 비활동 청년을 위한 조치에 어떤 것이 있을 수 있는지에
대해 다루었으며, 독자들이 OECD사회지표의 체계를 이해할 수 있도록 가이드를 제공하고 있다. 모든 지표는 OECD iLibrary의 e북과
웹북에서도 찾아볼 수 있다.