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그 어느 때보다 학생들은 수학 개념을 다루고, 정량적이고 분석적으로 생각하며 수학을 사용한 의사소통이 가능해야 합니다. 이러한 모든 기술은 미래를 준비하는 학생들이 직장이나 교실 밖 실제 생활에서 발생하는 문제들을 해결하는 데에 매우 중요합니다. 그럼에도 불구하고 많은 학생들이< 기본적인 수학 개념에 익숙하지 못하고, 학교에서는 학생들의 정량적인 사고와 실생활의 복잡한 문제들을 해결하는 능력을 키워주지 못하는 반복 적인 문제만을 연습하고 있습니다. 이 패턴을 깨뜨릴 수 있는 방법은 무엇인가? 본 보고서는 PISA 2012의 결과를 바탕으로, 모든 학생들이 핵심 수학 개념을 배우고 도전적인 수학
과제를 해결하는 데에 “참여하는” 시간을 늘리는 것을 한 가지 방법으로 제시합니다. 수학 내용을 학습하는 기회 – 학생들이 학교에서 수학과관련된 주제를 학습하고 수학 과제를 연습하는 시간 – 는 수학 소양을 정확하게 예측할 수 있습니다. 학생들의 수학에 대한 친숙도의 차이는 사회 경제적 특혜층과 사회 경제적 취약 계층 학생들 간 보이는 PISA 성취도 차이의 상당 부분을 설명합니다. 수학에 대한 접근성을 넓히는 것을 통해 수학에 대한 평균 성취도를 높임과 동시에 교육 및 사회 전반의 불평등을 감소시킬 수 있습니다.
The global community has spoken loud and clear: more resources must be mobilised to end extreme poverty and mitigate the effects of climate change. Blended finance - an approach to mix different forms of capital in support of development - is emerging as an important solution to help raise resources for the Sustainable Development Goals in developing countries. But scaling up blended finance without a good understanding of its risks could have unintended consequences for development co-operation providers. This report presents a comprehensive assessment of the state and priorities for blended finance as it is being used to support sustainable development in developing countries. It describes concepts and definitions, presents an overview of actors and instruments, and discusses lessons learned from blending approaches, tracking and data, and monitoring and evaluation. Its findings and recommendations are useful for policy makers and practitioners.
'Blended finance will contribute to faster economic growth, but to achieve this it is vital to get donors into alignment.'
Martin Wolf, Chief Economics Commentator, Financial Times
'Official development assistance continues to be a key way to finance efforts aimed at eradicating extreme poverty. However, the challenge is more than governments alone can manage. We must all think, work, finance and deliver development differently to mobilize private-sector resources and expertise to help the world’s poorest and most vulnerable people. Canada continues to promote innovative approaches to finance development and achieve sustainable growth for everyone.'
The Honourable Marie-Claude Bibeau, Canada's Minister of International Development and La Francophonie.
The risk of the Seine flooding the Ile de France region is a major one. In 2014, the OECD estimated that flooding comparable to the historic 1910 flood could affect up to 5 million citizens and cause damage costing up to 30 billion euros. This update tracks the progress made since 2014 and identifies remaining challenges.
Le risque d’inondation de la Seine en Île-de-France constitue un risque majeur. L’OCDE estimait en 2014 qu’une inondation comparable à la crue historique de 1910 pourrait affecter jusqu'au 5 millions de citoyens et causer de 3 à 30 milliards d’euros de dommages directs selon les scénarios. Cette publication suit les progrès réalisés depuis 2014 et identifie les défis restants.
Политика в области высшего образования является ключевым фактором обучения в течение всей жизни и особенно важна ввиду увеличения доли взрослого населения во многих странах. Высшее образование является основным драйвером экономической конкурентоспособности в условиях глобально расширяющейся экономики знаний, а также способствует социальному единению и благополучию. Страны все больше осознают, что высшим учебным заведениям необходимо развивать навыки, необходимые для поддержки конкурентоспособной исследовательской базы в глобальном масштабе и распространения знаний на благо общества. За последние десять лет система высшего образования Казахстана достигла прогресса. Тем не менее, существуют возможности для обеспечения рынка труда необходимыми навыками и поддержки экономического роста через исследования и инновации.
При изучении системы высшего образования в Казахстане настоящий доклад основывается на совместном обзоре ОЭСР/Всемирного банка 2007 года «Обзор национальной политики в области образования: высшее образование в Казахстане 2007 год». В каждой главе представлен анализ результатов, достигнутых за последнее десятилетие в основных областях, рассмотренных в Страновом обзоре за 2007 год. Страновой обзор включает главы по качеству и актуальности, доступности и равенству, интернационализации, научно-исследовательской и инновационной деятельности, финансированию и управлению. В Страновом обзоре также рассматриваются ответные политические меры на прогрессирующую динамику высшего образования и более широкие социально-экономические изменения.
Les partenariats public-privé (PPP) constituent un moyen important d’associer le secteur privé au financement, au déploiement et à la gestion des infrastructures. La renégociation fait partie intégrante de tout PPP, mais l’on n’y accorde pas la même importance partout dans le monde. Utilisée à bon escient, elle permet d’adapter les termes du contrat en cas d’imprévu étranger aux parties. Le risque existe aussi qu’il y soit recouru pour revenir sur l’équilibre coûts-avantages du PPP tel qu’il avait été initialement défini.
L’objet de ce rapport est de passer en revue les formes de renégociation de PPP observées dans diverses régions du monde et à différentes époques afin d’aider à mieux comprendre à quel moment l’exercice est souhaitable ou non. La conclusion générale à en tirer est qu’un contrat bien établi ne devrait être que rarement renégocié, et ce de façon très espacée.
The field of emergency management is broad, complex and dynamic. In the post-Fukushima context, emergency preparedness and response (EPR) in the nuclear sector is more than ever being seen as part of a broader framework. The OECD has recommended that its members “establish and promote a comprehensive, allhazards and transboundary approach to country risk governance to serve as the foundation for enhancing national resilience and responsiveness”. In order to achieve such an all-hazards approach to emergency management, a major step in the process will be to consider experiences from the emergency management of hazards emanating from a variety of sectors.
The NEA Working Party on Nuclear Emergency Matters (WPNEM) joined forces with the OECD Working Group on Chemical Accidents (WGCA), the OECD Public Governance and Territorial Development Directorate’s High-Level Risk Forum (HLRF) and the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) to collaborate on this report, which demonstrates similarities between emergency planning and preparedness across sectors, and identifies lessons learnt and good practices in diverse areas for the benefit of the international community. A set of expert contributions, enriched with a broad range of national experiences, are presented in the report to take into account expertise gathered from the emergency management of hazards other than those emanating from the nuclear sector in an effort to support and foster an all-hazards approach to EPR.
El Programa de Evaluaciones del desempeño ambiental de la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) proporciona análisis independientes de los avances de cada país en el cumplimiento de los compromisos de sus políticas ambientales nacionales e internacionales y formula las recomendaciones pertinentes sobre esas políticas. El objetivo de las evaluaciones es promover el aprendizaje mutuo, fortalecerla rendición de cuentas de los gobiernos ante otros gobiernos y ante los ciudadanos y mejorar el desempeño ambiental de los países, tanto de forma individual como colectiva. Desde 1992, la OCDE viene realizando estas evaluaciones sobre la base de una amplia gama de datos económicos y ambientales, y cada ciclo abarca atodos los Estados miembros de esta Organización y a una serie de países socios. Algunas de las evaluaciones más recientes se han centrado en Colombia (2014), España (2015), el Brasil (2015) y Chile (2016). La Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) ha impulsado evaluaciones ambientales en América Latina y el Caribe en cooperación con la OCDE y ha llevado a cabo análisis similares en los estados de Amazonas y Acre en el Brasil.
Este informe corresponde a la primera evaluación del desempeño ambiental del Perú. En él se examinan los avances logrados en el ámbito del desarrollo sostenible y el crecimiento verde, prestando especial atención a la ordenación ambiental (aire, residuos y sustancias químicas, agua y biodiversidad) y al aprovechamiento sostenible de la base de recursos naturales. Se analiza con mayor detenimiento el desempeño ambiental de los sectores agropecuario, pesquero y minero.
Esta publicación se encuentra disponible en www.cepal.org y en www.oecd.org/env/countryreviews.
The OECD reviews national and sector-specific public procurement regimes, to guide and support countries in combatting collusive practices. This review analyses Mexico's Federal Electricity Commission procurement rules and practices in light of the OECD Recommendation and Guidelines on Fighting Bid Rigging in Public Procurement.
How Immigrants Contribute to Developing Countries' Economies is the result of a project carried out by the OECD Development Centre and the International Labour Organization, with support from the European Union. The report covers the ten partner countries: Argentina, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, the Dominican Republic, Ghana, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Rwanda, South Africa and Thailand. The project, Assessing the Economic Contribution of Labour Migration in Developing Countries as Countries of Destination, aimed to provide empirical evidence – both quantitative and qualitative – on the multiple ways immigrants affect their host countries.
The report shows that labour migration has a relatively limited impact in terms of native-born workers’ labour market outcomes, economic growth and public finance in the ten partner countries. This implies that perceptions of possible negative effects of immigrants are often unjustified. But it also means that most countries of destination do not sufficiently leverage the human capital and expertise that immigrants bring. Public policies can play a key role in enhancing immigrants’ contribution to their host countries’ development.
In the United States, employment rates at older ages are comparatively high at 62% among 55-64 year-olds against 59% on average in OECD countries in 2016. However, there are large disparities across population groups. Early retirement remains a widespread phenomenon, especially among workers from vulnerable socio-economic backgrounds. Preventing old-age disparities in terms of employment outcomes and retirement income from widening is crucial. This report looks at the various pathways out of the labour market for older workers, and how employers can be supported to retain and hire older workers. It examines the best ways that the United States can promote the employability of workers throughout their working lives and more equal outcomes among older workers.
La OCDE revisa los regímenes de contratación pública nacionales y sectoriales para guiar y apoyar a los países en la lucha contra las prácticas colusorias. Esta revisión analiza las reglas y prácticas de la Comisión Federal de Electricidad de México a la luz de la Recomendación y las Directrices de la OCDE sobre la lucha contra la colusión en licitaciones en adquisiciones públicas.
This new publication sets forward the PISA framework for global competence developed by the OECD, which aligns closely with the definition developed by the Center for Global Education at Asia Society. Based on the Center’s extensive experience supporting educators in integrating global competence into their teaching, the publication also provides practical guidance and examples of how educators can embed global competence into their existing curriculum, instruction, and assessment.
El Estudio de la OCDE de Política Regulatoria del Perú evalúa las políticas, instituciones y herramientas empleadas por el gobierno peruano para diseñar, implementar y aplicar regulaciones de alta calidad. Esto incluye políticas de simplificación administrativa, evaluación ex ante y ex post de las regulaciones, prácticas de consulta pública y la gobernanza de los reguladores independientes. El Estudio proporciona recomendaciones de política basadas en las mejores prácticas internacionales y revisión por pares para fortalecer la capacidad del gobierno para gestionar la política regulatoria.
Le Programme international de l’OCDE pour le suivi des acquis des élèves (PISA) cherche non seulement à évaluer ce que les élèves savent en sciences, en compréhension de l’écrit et en mathématiques, mais aussi à déterminer ce qu’ils sont capables de faire avec ces connaissances. Les résultats de l’enquête PISA révèlent la qualité et l’équité de l’apprentissage dans le monde entier, et offrent aux professionnels de l’éducation et aux responsables politiques la possibilité de découvrir les politiques et pratiques d’autres pays et de s’en inspirer. Vous avez entre les mains l’un des cinq volumes qui présentent les résultats de l’évaluation PISA 2015, la sixième édition de cette enquête triennale. Il explore un ensemble complet d’indicateurs du bien-être des adolescents, couvrant aussi bien des variables négatives (comme l’anxiété ou la faible performance) que des vecteurs positifs garants d’un bon développement (tels que l’intérêt, l’engagement ou la motivation à l’idée de réussir).
Las evaluaciones inter pares del derecho y política de competencia son una herramienta valiosa para reformar y fortalecer el marco de competencia de un país. Este examen inter-pares de Perú presenta la evolución de su régimen de competencia y evalúa su legislación y política de competencia.
Over the ten-year Outlook period, agricultural markets are projected to remain weak, with growth in China weakening and biofuel policies having less impact on markets than in the past. Future growth in crop production will be attained mostly by increasing yields, and growth in meat and dairy production from both higher animal stocks and improved yields. Agricultural trade is expected to grow more slowly, but remain less sensitive to weak economic conditions than other sectors. These demand, supply and trade pressures are all evident in Southeast Asia, where this report identifies scope to improve agricultural productivity sustainably. Real prices are expected to remain flat or decline for most commodities.
This review highlights achievements of the Mexican Institute of Social Security (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, IMSS) in a number of areas – human resources, technological capacities and relations with suppliers – which were previously identified by the OECD as pivotal for the successful reform of IMSS procurement operations. This report highlights the progress made and offers recommendations to support IMSS in achieving procurement excellence and fulfilling its mandate to provide the best possible, most cost-effective healthcare services to citizens.
This review examines the ongoing public procurement reforms in Nuevo León, Mexico: both the progress achieved so far and the many challenges that remain. It discusses the benefits of further centralisation of public procurement activities for goods and services, greater aggregation, and a shift in administrative culture from excessive formality toward strategic public procurement and value for money. The review provides concrete proposals addressing every aspect of the procurement lifecycle, from planning and market consultations to contract management.
El presente estudio señala los logros alcanzados por el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) en áreas fundamentales, tales como recursos humanos, capacidades tecnológicas y relación con proveedores, las cuales fueron previamente identificadas por la OCDE para lograr la reforma exitosa de las operaciones de contratación del IMSS. Este estudio destaca el avance logrado por el Instituto y ofrece recomendaciones para apoyar al IMSS a alcanzar la excelencia en sus contrataciones y cumplir su mandato de proporcionar —de manera eficiente— el mejor servicio de salud posible a los ciudadanos.