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This 2018 edition of OECD Research and Development Expenditure in Industry provides statistical data on R&D expenditure broken down by industrial and service sectors. Data are presented in current and constant USD PPP values. Coverage is provided for 31 OECD countries and four non-member economies. The coverage of ANBERD includes multiple sectors, with extended coverage of service sectors according to ISIC Revision 4 classification. This publication is a unique source of detailed internationally-comparable business R&D data, making it an invaluable tool for economic research and analysis.
Against a backdrop of significant global forced displacement, the call for collective action by the international community to provide innovative approaches to increase access for refugees to protection and solutions has intensified.
La quattordicesima edizione congiunta delle Prospettive agricole OCSE-FAO fornisce proiezioni di mercato per i principali prodotti agricoli, biocombustibili e prodotti ittici, nonché un capitolo speciale dedicato alle prospettive e alle sfide dell’agricoltura e della pesca nel Medio Oriente e nell’Africa settentrionale.
I mercati mondiali dell’agricoltura sono notevolmente cambiati dopo l’impennata dei prezzi dei prodotti alimentari nel periodo 2007-2008, in quanto la produzione è cresciuta fortemente, è cresciuta fortemente, mentre la crescita della domanda ha iniziato a indebolirsi. Nel prossimo decennio i prezzi agricoli reali dovrebbero rimanere bassi a causa della ridotta crescita della domanda mondiale di prodotti alimentari e mangimi. Le esportazioni nette tenderanno ad aumentare dai Paesi e regioni con abbondanza di terre da coltivare, in particolare nelle Americhe. I Paesi con risorse naturali limitate, con una lenta espansione della produzione e una crescita demografica elevata vedranno aumentare le importazioni nette. Si prevede un aumento della dipendenza dalle importazioni in particolare per il Medio Oriente e l’Africa settentrionale, dove la scarsità di terre arabili e di risorse idriche limita la produzione agricola.
经合组织-粮农组织第十四次联合版发布的《农业展望》提供了主要农产品、生物燃料和鱼类的市场预测,以及关于中东和北非农业和渔业面临的前景与挑战的特别章节。
自2007-2008年粮食价格暴涨以来,世界农产品市场发生了显著变化,产量增长强劲,而需求增长开始疲弱。未来十年,由于全球食品和饲料需求增速放缓,预计实际农产品价格将保持低位。土地资源丰富的国家和地区,特别是美洲的净出口将增加。自然资源有限、生产扩张缓慢和人口增长率高的国家净进口将呈现增加趋势。尤其是中东和北非地区,耕地和水资源短缺将制约其农业生产,进口依赖性预计将有所上升。
统计附件中预测结果和过去的趋势可以在 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/agr-outl-data-en上查询。
补充信息可以在www.agri-outlook.org查阅。
This report synthesises key findings on biodiversity and ecosystem services from the Environmental Performance Reviews completed for Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru between 2013 and 2017. The report aims to provide a sense of the common challenges facing these Latin American countries, the strategies being used to tackle them, the gaps that remain and how these can be addressed. Focusing on Latin America is particularly pertinent given the great wealth of biodiversity in the region and the growing pressures on its conservation and sustainable use.
This report presents policy options for extending the life of road assets by mitigating deterioration caused by trucks. Beyond traditional engineering responses, it considers the role of trucks in road asset deterioration from a broader, demand-oriented perspective.
Die Bekämpfung von Gewinnverkürzung und Gewinnverlagerung (Base Erosion and Profit Shifting – BEPS) ist Staaten weltweit ein zentrales Anliegen. 2013 verabschiedeten die OECD- und G20-Staaten in gleichberechtigter Zusammenarbeit einen 15-Punkte-Aktionsplan gegen Gewinnverkürzung und Gewinnverlagerung. Zusätzlich zur Sicherung der Steuereinnahmen durch eine an Wirtschaftstätigkeit und Wertschöpfung ausgerichtete Besteuerung besteht das Ziel des BEPS-Projekts von OECD und G20 darin, einheitliche und konsensbasierte internationale Steuervorschriften zur Bekämpfung von Gewinnverkürzung und Gewinnverlagerung zu schaffen, um das Steuersubstrat zu schützen und den Steuerpflichtigen zugleich mehr Rechts- und Planungssicherheit zu bieten. 2016 richteten OECD und G20 das Inclusive Framework on BEPS ein, um interessierten Staaten und Gebieten die Möglichkeit zu bieten, zusammen mit den OECD- und G20-Mitgliedern Standards für BEPS-Fragen zu erarbeiten und die Umsetzung des BEPS-Pakets insgesamt zu prüfen und zu begleiten. Über 110 Staaten und Gebiete sind dem Inclusive Framework beigetreten.
Dieser Zwischenbericht des Inclusive Framework on BEPS von OECD und G20 ist Teil der Folgearbeiten zu den 2015 vorgelegten Arbeiten an Aktionspunkt 1 des BEPS-Projekts zu den Herausforderungen der Besteuerung der digitalen Wirtschaft. Er erläutert die im Rahmen des Inclusive Framework vereinbarte Ausrichtung der Arbeiten, die bis 2020 zu den Auswirkungen der Digitalisierung auf die internationalen Steuerregeln durchgeführt werden sollen. Außerdem beschreibt er, wie sich die Digitalisierung auf andere Bereiche des Steuersystems auswirkt und den Steuerbehörden neue Möglichkeiten eröffnet, die Serviceleistungen für die Steuerpflichtigen zu verbessern, die Steuererhebung effizienter zu gestalten und Steuerhinterziehung aufzudecken.
Вода – ресурс, крайне необходимый для экономического роста, окружающей среды и здоровья человека. Тем не менее, эффективное и результативное управление водными ресурсами является вызовом для правительств многих стран мира. Проблема сложная и многогранная: миллиарды людей не имеют пока доступа к безопасной воде и надлежащему водоотведению; конкуренция за воду между разными видами водопользования и водопользователями растет; и требуются значительные капвложения для поддержания и улучшения водохозяйственных систем, как в странах-членах ОЭСР, так и в других странах. Данная серия исследований ОЭСР по воде содержит анализ водной политики и руководства по экономическому, финансовому и организационному аспектам управления водными ресурсами. Эти аспекты обычно находятся в центре водных проблем и в них содержится ключ к решению сложных задач водной политики.
В мире имеется более 8000 крупных систем многоцелевой водохозяйственной инфраструктуры (МЦВИ), которая вносит вклад в экономическое развитие, а также водную, продовольственную и энергетическую безопасность. МЦВИ включают в себя все рукотворные водохозяйственные системы: дамбы, плотины, водохранилища и связанные с ними оросительные каналы и системы водоснабжения. На примере Шардаринской МЦВИ, которая находится в бассейне нижней Сыр-Дарьи в Южно-Казахстанской и Кзыл-ординской областях Казахстана, данный отчет рассматривает варианты и наполнение стратегий инвестирования в МЦВИ, которые обеспечат высокую экономическую отдачу и потенциальную финансовую окупаемость проектов, причем делает это с помощью применения специальной компьютерной модели и на основе изучения опыта 15 различных МЦВИ, расположенных в разных странах мира.
The Economic Outlook for Southeast Asia, China and India is a bi-annual publication on regional economic growth, development and regional integration in Emerging Asia. It focuses on the economic conditions of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member countries: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. It also addresses relevant economic issues in China and India to fully reflect economic developments in the region.
The Outlook comprises four main parts, each highlighting a particular dimension of recent economic developments in the region. The first part presents the regional economic monitor, depicting the economic outlook and macroeconomic challenges in the region. The second part consists of a special thematic chapter addressing a major issue facing the region. The 2019 edition of the Outlook looks at smart cities, with a special focus on transportation. Addressing traffic congestion, in particular, is critical in realising the potential benefits of urbanisation for growth. The third part of the report includes structural country notes offering specific recommendations for each country, and the fourth part discusses the recent progress made in key aspects of regional integration.
Global Insurance Market Trends provides comparable, cross-country data on insurance markets. It is a comprehensive source of statistical information for government authorities (regulators, finance ministries, and central banks), the insurance sector, the research community, and consumers. The report is based on the inputs from national insurance authorities and supports monitoring and analysis of the insurance sector.
Currently, Japan has the highest old-age dependency ratio of all OECD countries, with a ratio in 2017 of over 50 persons aged 65 and above for every 100 persons aged 20 to 64. This ratio is projected to rise to 79 per hundred in 2050. The rapid population ageing in Japan is a major challenge for achieving further increases in living standards and ensuring the financial sustainability of public social expenditure. However, with the right policies in place, there is an opportunity to cope with this challenge by extending working lives and making better use of older workers' knowledge and skills. This report investigates policy issues and discusses actions to retain and incentivise the elderly to work more by further reforming retirement policies and seniority-wages, investing in skills to improve productivity and keeping up with labour market changes through training policy, and ensuring good working conditions for better health with tackling long-hours working culture.
Portugal’s services markets remain among the most heavily regulated in the OECD. Inland and maritime transports in Portugal are a vital part of the business environment, ensuring the movement of goods and passengers and inputs for the business sector. Regulatory restrictions limit the ability of firms to effectively compete in the markets, whether as providers or customers, while hampering innovation, efficiency and productivity. Against this backdrop, this report analyses Portuguese regulations for road, railway and maritime transport, and many ancillary services (such as vehicle inspection centres), as well as Portugal’s ports. The report examines 1 064 pieces of legislation and makes 417 individual recommendations for amending or removing restrictive provisions to improve competition, and makes a detailed inventory of the analysis underlying the work. Analysis of Portuguese legislation was complemented by research into international experiences and wide consultations with public and private sector stakeholders. The OECD recommendations aim to remove or modify the provisions to benefit businesses and consumers alike. This report identifies the sources of those benefits and gives estimates of their impact. Provided all recommendations are fully implemented, the benefit to the economy from lifting the barriers in the land and maritime transport sectors is estimated to be around EUR 250 million a year.
Safety Management Systems (SMS) helps managers better monitor and understand the safety performance of their organisation. Increasingly prevalent in the past two decades, SMS provide a rigorous framework for analysing hazards and controlling risks.
This report reviews the history and the workings of SMS and addresses the role of the regulator in an SMS environment. It discusses how to overcome obstacles to SMS implementation, introduces resilience engineering as a way to measure the effectiveness of SMS and finally examines how accident investigations can help address deficiencies in the SMS. Many of the concepts and notions brought forward in this report apply equally to all modes of transport as well as any industry that operates with inherent hazards that can lead to safety risks.
This review examines the external systems in place to assure the quality of higher education in Brazil. It highlights the relative success of the Brazilian quality assurance model in regulating market entry for private operators in Brazil, which cater to over 70% of students. But it also calls into question the effectiveness of existing systems to monitor the quality of undergraduate programmes and institutions and the ability of public authorities to act decisively to protect students from bad quality education.
The report analyses the systems that regulate the launch of new higher education institutions and programmes and evaluates quality assessment mechanisms for existing programmes and institutions. It also looks at the structures allowing public authorities to intervene to end or improve poor quality provision.
The review offers policy recommendations. It proposes a more differentiated system of quality assurance. It also recommends significant modifications to the design and purpose of the National Examination of Student Performance (ENADE).
This work was requested by the National Commission for Evaluation of Higher Education (CONAES) and CAPES, the federal body responsible for quality assurance and funding of postgraduate education.
Portugal’s services markets are among the most heavily regulated in the OECD. As vital inputs into the business sector, services provided by professionals, such as lawyers and engineers, generate up to 1.8 times their value in outputs by firms that use them. However, structural flaws in the regulation make professional services highly expensive for firms, diminishing their ability to compete effectively. Regulatory restrictions also hamper innovation and efficiency within the professions. Against this backdrop, this report examines regulations for 13 self-regulated professions (lawyers, solicitors, notaries, bailiffs, architects, engineers, technical engineers, certified accountants, auditors, economists, customs brokers, nutritionists and pharmacists). From 923 pieces of legislation analysed, the report makes 348 individual recommendations for amending or removing provisions to improve competition, and makes a detailed inventory of the analysis underlying the work. Analysis of Portuguese legislation and professions was complemented by research into international experiences and wide consultations with stakeholders from the public and private sectors. The OECD recommendations aim to remove or modify overly restrictive provisions in order to facilitate the access or exercise of the professions, to benefit businesses and consumers alike. This report identifies the sources of those benefits and gives estimates of their impact. Provided all recommendations are fully implemented, the benefit to the economy from lifting the barriers in the 13 liberal professions is estimated at around EUR 130 million a year.