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Petty corruption has been gradually declining in Mongolia, but in general corruption is widespread. Anti-corruption laws and action plans are poorly implemented. The Independent Authority Against Corruption (IAAC) has continued and somewhat stepped up its policy coordination and prevention work, however it lacked independence, resources, and necessary support from state bodies to fully exercise its mandate. Mongolia has also made enforcement efforts to address pervasive grand corruption: several high-level officials were convicted and a number of investigations are ongoing.
This is the sixth edition of the OECD survey of large pension funds and public pension reserve funds that collects long-term investment data since it was first published in 2011. The scope of this report covers 87 public and private pension funds from 34 countries. This survey is based on a qualitative questionnaire sent directly to large pension funds and public pension reserve funds. It covers the infrastructure investments made by large pension funds and public pension reserve funds, but also their approach to environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors. It provides detailed investment information and insights which complement the aggregated data on portfolio investments gathered by the OECD at a national level through the Global Pension Statistics and Global Insurance Statistics projects.
Мелкая коррупция в Монголии постепенно снижается, но в целом коррупция широко распространена. Антикоррупционные законы и планы действий выполняются плохо. Независимый орган по борьбе с коррупцией (НАБК) продолжил и несколько активизировал свою работу по координации политики и профилактике, однако ему не хватает независимости, ресурсов и необходимой поддержки со стороны государственных органов для полноценного выполнения своего мандата. Монголия также предприняла усилия по борьбе с широко распространенной коррупцией в крупных размерах: несколько высокопоставленных чиновников были осуждены, и ряд расследований продолжается.
El presente documento ayuda a los bancos y demás instituciones financieras a aplicar las recomendaciones de debida diligencia de las Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para Empresas Multinacionales en el contexto de sus actividades de préstamo empresarial y aseguramiento de valores. En la actualidad no se dispone de ninguna norma ampliamente reconocida sobre conducta empresarial responsable (CER) para este tipo de transacciones, a pesar de que representan una parte significativa de los servicios ofrecidos por los bancos comerciales.
This paper helps banks and other financial institutions implement the due diligence recommendations of the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises in the context of their corporate lending and underwriting activities. Currently no widely recognized standard on responsible business conduct (RBC) exists for these type of transactions, although they represent a significant portion of client services of commercial banks.
Celem niniejszego dokumentu jest wsparcie banków i innych instytucji finansowych we wdrażaniu rekomendacji należytej staranności zawartych w Wytycznych OECD dla przedsiębiorstw wielonarodowych w kontekście kredytów korporacyjnych oraz gwarantowania emisji papierów wartościowych. Obecnie nie istnieje powszechnie uznany standard odpowiedzialnego prowadzenia działalności biznesowej (responsible business conduct, RBC) dla tego rodzaju transakcji, mimo że stanowią one znaczącą część usług dla klientów banków komercyjnych.
Dieses Dokument unterstützt Banken und andere Finanzinstitutionen, die Due-Dili gence-Empfehlungen der OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen bei ihren Firmen kreditvergaben und Wertpapieremissionen umzusetzen. Derzeit gibt es keinen allgemein anerkannten Standard für verantwortungsvolles unternehmerisches Handeln (responsible business conduct – RBC) für diese Art von Transaktionen, obwohl sie einen wesentlichen Teil der Kundendienstleistungen von Geschäftsbanken ausmachen.
This publication focuses on mechanisms and policies to improve inclusiveness in financial markets, insurance and pensions. These mechanisms and policies are designed to ensure that increasing numbers of people, firms and projects are supported and integrated in the economic system, benefiting from all the potential rights and rewards.
Nuclear Energy Data is the Nuclear Energy Agency’s annual compilation of statistics and country reports documenting nuclear power status in NEA member countries and in the OECD area. Information provided by governments includes statistics on total electricity produced by all sources and by nuclear power, fuel cycle capacities and requirements, and projections to 2035, where available. Country reports summarise energy policies, updates of the status in nuclear energy programmes and fuel cycle developments. In 2017, nuclear power continued to supply significant amounts of low-carbon baseload electricity, in a context of strong competition from low-cost fossil fuels and renewable energy sources. Governments committed to having nuclear power in the energy mix advanced plans for developing or increasing nuclear generating capacity, with the preparation of new build projects making progress in Finland, Hungary, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Further details on these and other developments are provided in the publication’s numerous tables, graphs and country reports.
This publication contains “StatLinks”. For each StatLink, the reader will find a URL which leads to the corresponding spreadsheet. These links work in the same way as an Internet link.
한국 농업은 변화하는 국내수요를 충족시키고, 경쟁력을 보유한 제조업과의 보조를 맞추도록 생산성을 향상시키며, 국제수준으로 경쟁력을 갖추라는 거센 압력을 받고 있다. 현재까지 정부는 가격지지, 직불금, 세금우대, 투입재 비용감면 등을 통해 농가소득에 대한 광범위한 지원을 제공해왔다. 그러나 이제는 농업부문의 저소득 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 일반 사회보장정책과 농정의 연계가 요구되며, 젊은 세대를 위한 고용기회를 창출하기 위해서는 보다 포괄적인 농촌개발정책이 필요하다.
한국은 풍부하고 독특한 식문화가 반영된 차별적인 농산물과 가공식품의 수출가능성을 모색해야 한다. 이러한 농업부문의 잠재력을 발휘하려면 농업정책은 상업농과 농업법인, 기업 등의 생산성과 지속가능성을 개선하고, 식품가공 분야를 발전시키는 데 초점을 맞추어야 한다. 한국의 농업혁신시스템은 정보통신기술(ICT)의 강력한 경쟁우위를 토대로 보다 통합되고 협력적인 체계로 발전해야 한다.
Uranium is the raw material used to produce fuel for long-lived nuclear power facilities, necessary for the generation of significant amounts of baseload low-carbon electricity for decades to come. Although a valuable commodity, declining market prices for uranium in recent years, driven by uncertainties concerning the evolution in the use of nuclear power, have led to significant production cutbacks and the postponement of mine development plans in a number of countries and to some questions being raised about future uranium supply.
This 27th edition of the “Red Book”, a recognised world reference on uranium jointly prepared by the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), provides analyses and information from 41 producing and consuming countries in order to address these and other questions. The present edition provides the most recent review of world uranium market fundamentals and presents data on global uranium exploration, resources, production and reactor-related requirements. It offers updated information on established uranium production centres and mine development plans, as well as projections of nuclear generating capacity and reactor-related requirements through 2035, in order to address long-term uranium supply and demand issues.
National programmes for radioactive waste management require very large amounts of data and information across multiple and disparate disciplines. These programmes tend to run over a period of many decades resulting in a serious risk of data and information loss, which in turn can threaten the production and maintenance of robust safety cases.
Metadata and associated tools and techniques play a crucial role in modern data and information management. The Radioactive Waste Repository Metadata Management (RepMet) initiative has prepared the first international study on the application of metadata to the field of radioactive waste management. This report introduces the concept of metadata, explains how metadata can help to facilitate data management, and gives advice on the issues arising when developing metadata within radioactive waste management programmes. It is aimed at readers looking to obtain a highlevel overview of metadata, and associated tools and techniques, and the strategic importance they can play in Radioactive Waste Management Organisations (RWMOs).
This volume collects four studies that were prepared as background research to the 2018 OECD Economic Survey of the United States. Using micro-data survey responses, regional and sectorial data, these studies seek to provide insights into how employment responds to labour market disruption and the drivers of household financial vulnerability in the United States. This volume represents a collaborative effort by a team of OECD and academic researchers.
Half a million higher education graduates enter the labour market every year in Mexico. While their labour market outcomes are considerably better on average than those of upper secondary education graduates, some higher education graduates face periods of inactivity and unemployment. Many graduates who find work end up being over-qualified or working in the informal sector. This report finds that the Mexican higher education system needs to be better aligned with the labour market to help students develop the skills employers seek. Students need better support to succeed in their higher education studies and develop labour market relevant skills, which will help facilitate their achievement of good outcomes in the workforce. This calls for a comprehensive whole-of-government approach and the involvement of all higher education stakeholders. The report proposes a set of policy recommendations to address these issues and help Mexican higher education graduates achieve better outcomes in the labour market.
The report was developed as part of the OECD Enhancing Higher Education System Performance project and is a companion to the OECD report, The Future of Mexican Higher Education: Promoting Quality and Equity, which focuses on broader issues in higher education, including governance, funding, quality and equity, as well as two key sectors of higher education: teacher education colleges and professional and technical institutions.
This review of higher education policy in Mexico was requested by the Mexican Ministry of Education to take stock of progress since the last OECD review of the higher education system in Mexico, published in 2008, and to support development of the new government’s National Development Plan and Sectoral Education Programme.
The report examines the state of the higher education sector in Mexico and analyses key policies implemented by the federal and state governments. It assesses national governance and co-operation structures that help to guide the higher education system, and the relevance of existing national strategies. It also looks at public funding of higher education institutions, how the quality of higher education programmes is assured; and the extent to which the higher education system contributes to equity. The report concludes by exploring two key sectors of higher education: teacher education colleges and professional and technical institutions.
A companion volume focusing on the labour market relevance and outcomes of higher education is also available: Higher Education in Mexico: Labour Market Relevance and Outcomes.
This document provides the first outputs of the Review Sharing initiative which OECD has undertaken over the last few years. Review sharing was proposed to more efficiently leverage constrained specialist resources and permit those specialists (generally toxicologists) to pursue more value-added activities such as risk or exposure assessment. An expert group over the course of several meetings defined a process and created the necessary documents to realize the objectives of the project. The expert group reviewed available national checklists and processes to draft and refine Harmonized Standard Review Forms for the studies in scope and develop a Standard Operating Procedure for applicants and government reviewers to follow.
This review assesses Chile's public health system, highlights areas of strength and weakness, and makes a number of recommendations for improvement. The review examines Chile's public health system architecture, and how well policies are responding to significant population health challenges including high rates of overweight and obesity, and relatively high smoking rates. In particular, the review assesses Chile's policies designed to tackle obesity and improve healthy diets. The review also examines Chile's cancer screening and prevention system and, finally, looks at how genetic and genomic medicine are being used to strengthen public health and preventive care in Chile.
This report looks at ways to improve the resilience of systems to deal with the unexpected arrival of large inflows of refugees and other vulnerable migrants. It begins with an overview of the recent flows of migrants seeking protection, discusses the expected economic impact of these flows, and notes what has been an unprecedented multilateral response. It then examines the process of integrating refugees and other vulnerable migrants, in terms of their economic and social outcomes, as well as specific factors of vulnerability. It also provides a comprehensive assessment of the transition policies in place to support their livelihood in destination and transit countries, as well as in origin countries upon return. Finally, the report tackles issues of anticipation, monitoring and reacting, examining the role of early warning mechanisms and the challenge of improving information so as to better monitor integration outcomes and frame policies.
Living standards and wellbeing are high in Denmark. Economic conditions have improved in recent years and the steady expansion is projected to continue. A prolonged series of pension and benefit reforms has delivered sound public finances and strengthened potential growth, among others by indexation of statutory retirement ages to life expectancy. Improving public sector efficiency remains a challenge and would benefit from further digitalisation and reform of collective bargaining. Danish firms are close to the technological frontier thanks to digitalisation and favourable business framework conditions. Nonetheless, productivity growth has been disappointing in the recent past with a particular weakness in less knowledge-intensive service industries. Boosting productivity growth is essential to ensure that living standards and wellbeing remain high. This requires further improving business framework conditions, notably competition pressures. Policy needs to embrace innovative technologies by leaning against attempts to discourage or exclude them and by tackling unintended or outmoded obstacles in legislation and regulation. Reducing high marginal taxes, broadening innovation activity and attracting more high-skilled foreign workers are also priorities.
SPECIAL FEATURES: PRODUCTIVITY; BUSINESS FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS
Corporate Tax Statistics brings together a range of information to support the analysis of corporate taxation and base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) practices. This is the first edition of the publication, which was a key output of Action 11 of the OECD/G20 BEPS Project and its package of 15 measures adopted in 2015 to address tax avoidance. The new publication and its accompanying database includes four main categories of data on corporate tax rates, revenues, effective tax rates, and tax incentives for R&D and innovation amongst other data series, and covers OECD jurisdictions as well as jurisdictions from the Inclusive Framework on BEPS.