Browse by: "2019"
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재난은 사회 경제 활동에 지장을 주고 심각한 피해를 가져온다. 그러나 재난이 미친 경제적 영향 특히, 소규모의 재난 비용과 사업 중단으로 인한 간접적인 영향은 아직도 상당 부분 알려져 있지 않다. 마찬가지로 국가가 재난 위험 관리에 투입하는 공공 자원의 총량에 대한 정보 또한 거의 없다. 효과적인 재난 위험 관리 정책을 개발하기 위해서는 재난의 경제적 영향뿐만 아니라 재난 관리 및 위험 예방과 관련하여 공공 지출에 대한 신뢰성 있고 포괄적이며 비교 가능한 자료가 필수적이다. 이에 본 보고서는 재난 비용에 대한 정보의 질과 양을 개선하려는 각국의 노력에 대한 개요를 제공한다.
This review assesses Japan's public health system, highlights areas of strength and weakness, and makes a number of recommendations for improvement. The review examines Japan's public health system architecture, and how well policies are responding to population health challenges, including Japan's ambition of maintaining good population health, as well as promoting longer healthy life expectancy for the large and growing elderly population. In particular, the review assesses Japan's broad primary prevention strategy, and extensive health check-ups programme, which is the cornerstone of Japan's secondary prevention strategy. The review also examines Japan's exposure to public health emergencies, and capacity to respond to emergencies as and when they occur.
Depuis plus de vingt ans, l’OCDE développe et publie chaque année dans Regards sur l’Éducation une large gamme d’indicateurs comparatifs qui fournissent un aperçu du fonctionnement des systèmes éducatifs. Ces outils donnent accès à des informations essentielles sur la participation et le progrès par l’éducation, les ressources humaines et financières investies, et les retombées économiques et sociales liées au niveau de formation. Grâce à un ensemble harmonisé d’indicateurs et de définitions, ils donnent à chaque pays la possibilité de voir son système éducatif à la lumière des résultats, des pratiques et des ressources des autres pays. Les concepts, définitions, classifications et méthodologies, qui ont été élaborés pour guider les statistiques et les indicateurs, sont essentiels à la crédibilité et à la compréhension de ces comparaisons. Ce guide rassemble ces méthodologies en un seul volume de référence, fournissant un outil inestimable aux utilisateurs de Regards sur l’éducation. Ce faisant, le guide vise à faciliter une meilleure compréhension des statistiques et des indicateurs de l’OCDE et permet donc une plus grande efficacité d‘utilisation aux fins d’analyse politique. De la même manière, il constitue une référence facilement utilisable sur les conventions et les standards internationaux afin que d’autres acteurs puissent continuer la collecte et l’assimilation des données sur l’éducation.
Cette édition est une mise à jour du Guide de l'OCDE pour l'établissement de statistiques internationalement comparables dans le domaine de l'éducation, publié en 2017.
The Slovak economy remains strong. Thanks to sustained economic growth, almost 4% on average in the last two decades, living standards have converged towards the OECD average. The economy has benefitted from strong integration into global value chains, but the gains from this integration are likely to decline in the future. Foreign direct investment has focused mainly on downstream activities, which, although generating high productivity growth in the past, have low value added. Faced with rapid wage increases, technological change and labour shortages, Slovakia needs to upgrade the skills of its workers to protect their longer-term employability and foster productivity gains.While poverty and inequality are low overall, the majority of Slovakia’s Roma, about 8% of the population, face extreme social exclusion, with very low employment, widespread poverty and low life expectancy. Providing better living standards and economic opportunities to the Roma will require well-coordinated efforts across social, housing, education and employment policies.
SPECIAL FEATURES: SOCIAL INTEGRATION OF ROMA; GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS
Following on from the 2012 Territorial Review of Småland Blekinge, this Monitoring Review assesses the main regional policy changes since 2012 and the extent to which the recommendations have been implemented. It gives full consideration to the changing context in the region, with improved economic performance, new administrative configurations and an influx of migrants spurring population growth.
L’engagement du Canada en faveur de l’égalité des sexes existe de longue date et la création d’une société véritablement inclusive fait l’objet d’un programme de plus en plus ambitieux. Notamment, ces dernières années, le gouvernement du Canada a renforcé le cadre de gouvernance fédéral en matière d’égalité des sexes, mettant en place des institutions, des politiques, des outils et des structures de responsabilité. L’examen des politiques d’égalité des sexes au Canada réalisé par l’OCDE formule des recommandations relatives à la poursuite du développement de ce cadre de gouvernance. Il recense également les progrès réalisés par le Canada en matière de budgétisation liée au genre et formule d’autres recommandations pour la mise en œuvre d’une approche plus globale, systématique et durable.
The prospering economy has boosted employment and reduced unemployment to historical low levels. The risk of overheating is increasing with double digit growth in wages and higher consumer price inflation, although it remains within the central bank’s tolerance band. The recovery could be prolonged if the supportive macroeconomic policies become more restricitve. Looking ahead, public spending pressures are increasing with population ageing and unless corretive measures are taken public debt may increase again. Reform of the pension system needs to contain rising pension spending and old-age poverty. At the same time, a more flexible health sector is needed to respond to the changing demands arising from population ageing. Economic growth has been geographical uneven as the capital has benefitted from growth enhancing agglomeration effects and some regions, particularly in the west of the country, have benefitting from strong inwards FDIs. On the other hand, poor and rural regions are left behind as they lack integration into local and national supply chains. Development policies tend to pursue centrally determined objectives, while local authorities have few possibilities for identifying and implementing projects that are best suited for bolstering local growth.
SPECIAL FEATURES: AGEING; REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Objectif croissance est la publication périodique de l'OCDE consacrée aux réformes structurelles jugées prioritaires pour augmenter les revenus dans les pays de l'OCDE et dans certaines économies non membres de l'Organisation (l'Afrique du Sud, l'Argentine, le Brésil, la Colombie, le Costa Rica, la Fédération de Russie, l'Inde, l'Indonésie, la Lituanie et la République populaire de Chine). Les priorités d'action identifiées sont actualisées tous les deux ans et présentées dans un rapport complet, incluant des notes par pays dans lesquelles sont formulées des recommandations précises correspondant à ces priorités et décrites les suites éventuelles données aux recommandations antérieures. Le prochain rapport complet sera publié en 2019.
Ce rapport intermédiaire présente un bilan des mesures prises par les autorités au cours de l'année écoulée dans les domaines jugés prioritaires pour la croissance. Cet exercice s'appuie sur un ensemble d'indicateurs comparables au niveau international, qui permet aux pays d'évaluer leurs performances économiques et leurs politiques structurelles dans un large éventail de domaines.
This report serves as a reference document to relevant Mexican Authorities highlighting international experiences and best practices. It describes the different types of remedies available and their objectives, advantages and disadvantages and the principles driving authorities in choosing this approach. Moreover, this report could also provide guidance to business and consumer groups about how the competition authorities may order asset divestiture as a structural separation remedy.
This OECD brief details the latest findings on services trade restrictiveness from the organisation's work on the STRI.
Australia has managed to decouple economic growth from the main environmental pressures and has made impressive progress in expanding protected areas. However, it is one of the most resource- and carbon-intensive OECD countries, and the state of its biodiversity is poor and worsening. Advancing towards a greener economy will require strengthening climate-change policy and mainstreaming biodiversity more effectively across sectors.
This is the third Environmental Performance Review of Australia. It evaluates progress towards sustainable development and green growth, and includes special features on threatened species protection and sustainable use of biodiversity and chemical management.
Under the Paris Agreement, OECD countries agreed to aim for a reduction of their greenhouse gas emissions sufficient to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre industrial levels. This commitment requires a massive effort to decarbonise energy and electricity generation, a radical restructuring of the electric power sector and the rapid deployment of large amounts of low-carbon generation technologies, in particular nuclear energy and renewable energies such as wind and solar PV.
This study assesses the costs of alternative low-carbon electricity systems capable of achieving strict carbon emission reductions consistent with the aims of the Paris Agreement. It analyses several deep decarbonisation scenarios to reach the same stringent carbon emission target but characterised by different shares of variable renewable technologies, hydroelectric power and nuclear energy.
BEPS Action 5 is one of the four BEPS minimum standards which all Inclusive Framework members have committed to implement. One part of the Action 5 minimum standard relates to preferential tax regimes where a peer review is undertaken to identify features of such regimes that can facilitate base erosion and profit shifting, and therefore have the potential to unfairly impact the tax base of other jurisdictions.
This progress report is an update to the 2015 BEPS Action 5 report and the 2017 Progress Report. It contains the results of review of all BEPS Inclusive Framework members’ preferential tax regimes that have been identified since the BEPS Project. The results are reported as at January 2019.
In addition, the Inclusive Framework agreed on a new standard for substantial activities requirements for no or only nominal tax jurisdictions. This report includes the details of this new standard and the other work on additions to and revisions of the harmful tax practices framework. Finally it contains next steps for the work on harmful tax practices.
The chemical industry is one of the largest industrial sectors in the world and is expected to grow fourfold by 2060. Indeed modern life without chemicals would be inconceivable. Given the potential environmental and human health risks from exposure to chemicals, governments and industry have a major responsibility to ensure that chemicals are produced and used safely.
The OECD assists countries in developing and implementing policies and instruments that protect human health and the environment, and in making their systems for managing chemicals as efficient as possible. To eliminate duplication of work and avoid non-tariff barriers to trade, emphasis has been on developing shared frameworks for gathering and assessing information on potential chemical risks. The time-tested OECD Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD) system provides a major basis for generating savings to governments and industry. This report provides an overview of the benefits and estimates the total savings from OECD work to be more than EUR 309 million per year.
The Korean labour migration system has expanded since the mid-2000s, primarily in the admission of temporary foreign workers for less skilled jobs. Its temporary labour programme, addressed largely at SMEs in manufacturing and based on bilateral agreements with origin countries, has become the largest such programme in the OECD. Structural changes in the labour force, with a rapidly shrinking and highly educated youth population, keep the underlying demand for this programme strong. Yet skills levels of workers are increasing, and there is interest in increasing Korea's share in global talent mobility, including international students and innovative entrepreneurs. This book addresses the question of how to ensure that international recruitment can help meet urgent needs in the labour market which cannot be met locally, and how the temporary labour migration programme - and other migration streams - can evolve to ensure that Korea meets its policy objectives. This review first examines the characteristics of the Korean labour market and main challenges where labour migration can help address demand. Following a discussion of various programmes and procedures, the review assesses how labour migration is playing a role in different sectors and how programme governance could be improved. It then explores the channels for high-skilled migrants and how these could be improved in light of international experience.
在实践中，以创新的方式重新设计学校和学校教育意味着什么？可以怎样开展？这样的疑问启发我们对OECD“创新学习环境”（ILE）项目进行反思。这些反思已经形成了一些有关核心设计原则和框架、学习领导力的出版物。现在，这些反思已从优秀的案例拓展到了更大范围的举措和系统变革。本报告是分析25个国家、地区或网络提交的举措的核心材料。报告描述了这些举措的共同优点，即一系列的C：文化变革（Culture Change）、明晰焦点（Clarifying Focus）、能力建设（Capacity Creation）、合作与协作（Collaboration and Co-operation）、通信技术与平台（Communication Technologies and Platforms）、变革中介人（Change Agents）。报告建议，在大范围内发展创新学习需要植根于21世纪社会的复杂性和“学习生态系统”。报告指出，中观层面的变革围绕着网络和学习共同体蓬勃发展，为更大范围的变革提供了平台。
本报告不是“最佳实践”的摘要，而是一个呈现原创观点和方法的简要分析，并提供来自全球的具体案例。这对于设计、研究或参与教育变革而言非常有用。不管这样的变革是发生在学校、政策领域、共同体还是更大的网络中。
OECD的项目已经形成了有关学习本质的重要知识，并拓宽了我们对学校内外学习环境的理解。ILE项目框架已经被证明是学习领导力和系统发展的宝贵工具。
——Micheal Schratz（奥地利因斯布鲁克大学教育学院院长、教授，国际学校效能与改进大会主席）
创新和创造是学习的命脉。《重新设计学校教育：以创新学习系统为目标》一书很好地总结了OECD最具吸引力的项目之一，试图分析学校中创新的DNA。通过全球真实案例，本书陈述了如果要让儿童和家长、教师和共同体对未来自信与乐观，教育系统需要具备的一系列条件。对教师而言，这一消息是振奋人心的。教育系统必须关注提升教师的能力 和动力。标准化做不到这一点。这对教育行业和组织传达了非常有意义的信息。教师工会可以也应该是创新条件创立的中心。
——John Bangs（国际教育特别顾问，TUAC教育、培训和职业政策国际小组主席）
يقدم هذا التقرير تحليلاً معمقاً للإصلاحات الرئيسية التي أجريت بين 2014 و2018 التي تهدف إلى تشجيع تنمية المشاريع المتناهية الصغر والصغيرة والمتوسطة الحجم في الجزائر ومصر وإسرائيل والأردن ولبنان والمغرب والأراضي الفلسطينية وتونس.
يركز التقرير على خمس مجالات استراتيجية لصياغة سياسات المشاريع الصغيرة والمتوسطة الحجم: تعاريف المشاريع الصغيرة والمتوسطة الحجم والإحصاءات والمؤسسات المتعلقة بها؛ تحسين بيئات العمل للمشاريع الصغيرة والمتوسطة الحجم ورواد الأعمال؛ تعزيز الوصول إلى التمويل؛ رعاية نمو الشركات الناشئة والمشاريع الصغيرة والمتوسطة الحجم؛ وتنمية رأس المال البشري الريادي.
يهدف التقرير إلى عرض الممارسات الجيدة والإشارة إلى المناطق التي تحتاج إلى بذل المزيد من الجهود. ويوفر إرشادات قيمة للحكومات ومنظمات القطاع الخاص والهيئات المتعددة الأطراف وغيرها من أصحاب المصلحة لتكثيف الجهود لدعم المشاريع الصغيرة والمتوسطة الحجم كأدوات أساسية لخلق الوظائف والقدرة التنافسية. ويكتسي ذلك أهمية خاصة في منطقة تسعى إلى تعزيز التنوع الاقتصادي وخلق فرص العمل وإشراك الشباب والنساء في الاقتصاد.
إن التقرير هو نتيجة لعملية تعاون وثيق بين الحكومات، ومنظمة التعاون والتنمية الاقتصادية، ومؤسسة التدريب الأوروبية والمفوضية الأوروبية
This report analyses the impacts of increased automation of the driving task for road freight transport. It investigates the technology options from platooning to full autonomy and examines necessary policy responses. Focusing on the underlying regulatory frameworks, it asks how existing approaches can be maintained and when and how novel solutions will be needed.
Les Danois bénéficient de niveaux de vie et de bien-être élevés. La longue tradition de réformes et l’existence d’institutions solides étayent la forte cohésion sociale et l’inclusivité du marché du travail, permettant de conjuguer des performances économiques importantes et un faible niveau d’inégalités. Une forte capacité d’adaptation face aux changements structurels et aux chocs assure la pérennité de ces bons résultats. De par son engagement à relever les défis environnementaux, le Danemark constitue une référence en matière de croissance verte.