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2030 의제는 세계적, 국가적 및 지역적으로 두루 적용되는 보편적이고 집합적인 책무다. 정책일관성은 복잡하고 상호 연결된 세계에서 국제정책과제를 해결하기 위한 열쇠다. 지속가능개발목표(SDG)를 달성하는데 필요한 경제적, 사회적 및 환경적 전환을 조정하고 추진하기 위해서는 보다 일관된 다자간 시스템이 필수 불가결하다.
지속 가능한 개발을 위한 정책일관성 2018년판은 강력한 제도적 메커니즘이 뒷받침하는 통합적이고 일관된 정책이 2018년 유엔 고위급정치포럼(HLPF)의 주제인 “지속 가능하고 회복력이 좋은 사회로의 전환”에 어떻게 기여할 수 있는가를 보여준다. 동 보고서는 정부가 국가적, 세계적 수준에서 집합적으로 SDG를 실행하는 과정에서 직면하는 과제 및 기회를 파악하기 위하여 “지속 가능한 개발을 위한 정책일관성” 틀의 제도적, 분석적 및 감시적 요소를 적용하고 있다.
동 보고서는 지속 가능한 개발을 위한 정책일관성 확보를 위한 8개 구성요소(SDG 세부목표 17.14)를 제시하고 최근의 OECD 연구, 국가별 조사결과 및 국가평가보고서를 활용하여 새로운 제도적 모범 실무사례를 찾아낸다.
재난은 사회 경제 활동에 지장을 주고 심각한 피해를 가져온다. 그러나 재난이 미친 경제적 영향 특히, 소규모의 재난 비용과 사업 중단으로 인한 간접적인 영향은 아직도 상당 부분 알려져 있지 않다. 마찬가지로 국가가 재난 위험 관리에 투입하는 공공 자원의 총량에 대한 정보 또한 거의 없다. 효과적인 재난 위험 관리 정책을 개발하기 위해서는 재난의 경제적 영향뿐만 아니라 재난 관리 및 위험 예방과 관련하여 공공 지출에 대한 신뢰성 있고 포괄적이며 비교 가능한 자료가 필수적이다. 이에 본 보고서는 재난 비용에 대한 정보의 질과 양을 개선하려는 각국의 노력에 대한 개요를 제공한다.
This review assesses Japan's public health system, highlights areas of strength and weakness, and makes a number of recommendations for improvement. The review examines Japan's public health system architecture, and how well policies are responding to population health challenges, including Japan's ambition of maintaining good population health, as well as promoting longer healthy life expectancy for the large and growing elderly population. In particular, the review assesses Japan's broad primary prevention strategy, and extensive health check-ups programme, which is the cornerstone of Japan's secondary prevention strategy. The review also examines Japan's exposure to public health emergencies, and capacity to respond to emergencies as and when they occur.
Depuis plus de vingt ans, l’OCDE développe et publie chaque année dans Regards sur l’Éducation une large gamme d’indicateurs comparatifs qui fournissent un aperçu du fonctionnement des systèmes éducatifs. Ces outils donnent accès à des informations essentielles sur la participation et le progrès par l’éducation, les ressources humaines et financières investies, et les retombées économiques et sociales liées au niveau de formation. Grâce à un ensemble harmonisé d’indicateurs et de définitions, ils donnent à chaque pays la possibilité de voir son système éducatif à la lumière des résultats, des pratiques et des ressources des autres pays. Les concepts, définitions, classifications et méthodologies, qui ont été élaborés pour guider les statistiques et les indicateurs, sont essentiels à la crédibilité et à la compréhension de ces comparaisons. Ce guide rassemble ces méthodologies en un seul volume de référence, fournissant un outil inestimable aux utilisateurs de Regards sur l’éducation. Ce faisant, le guide vise à faciliter une meilleure compréhension des statistiques et des indicateurs de l’OCDE et permet donc une plus grande efficacité d‘utilisation aux fins d’analyse politique. De la même manière, il constitue une référence facilement utilisable sur les conventions et les standards internationaux afin que d’autres acteurs puissent continuer la collecte et l’assimilation des données sur l’éducation.
Cette édition est une mise à jour du Guide de l'OCDE pour l'établissement de statistiques internationalement comparables dans le domaine de l'éducation, publié en 2017.
The IUCLID (International Uniform ChemicaL Information Database) can be customised to manage chemical data in different contexts and is a platform employing globally harmonised data elements pertinent to chemicals. The version 6 of IUCLID software released in 2016 allows for greater customisation of IUCLID and for extension and integration with other tools. For example, the standard IUCLID data elements can be extended to capture specific information for specific legislative data needs before they are added to the OHTs. This document describes four main elements related to the customisation of IUCLID including how the IUCLID format can be configured and customised, the main IUCLID features and add-ons, integration with other systems and development of alternative user interfaces. The document also outlines how customisation of these different elements requires different expertise and resources. It incorporates user stories regarding customisation of and data migration to IUCLID from ECHA, Australia, and Canada.
Following an update of the IUCLID 6 software, a second edition of the report was released in June 2021 to reflect the most recent features and processes.
The success of skills development activities through both on- and off-the job training often depends on the participation of employers. This OECD report on Northern Ireland, United Kingdom identifies a number of innovative programmes that aim to better engage employers in the design and delivery of training. It also looks at the role of local district councils in working closer with employers to better understand and address their skills challenges.
A key part of the project was the implementation of a survey to gather information from Northern Irish employers about their skills needs and barriers to apprenticeship participation. The report offers a number of recommendations for improving business-education partnerships in emerging sectors of the Northern Ireland economy.
Global demand for transport is growing fast. On present trends, passenger and freight activity will more than double by 2050.
Such growth is a token of social and economic progress. But it carries with it growth in energy demand and in emissions of CO2 and atmospheric pollutants.
Greater reliance on rail can cut that growth. The world is becoming ever more urbanised and rail travel is well matched to urban needs.
High-speed rail can serve as an alternative to short-distance air travel. Conventional and freight rail can complement other transport modes to provide efficient mobility.
This book shows what can be done and how. Its scale is global, with a special focus on the needs and opportunities in India.
Cette publication réalisée conjointement par l’OCDE et la Commission européenne présente une comparaison internationale exhaustive de l'intégration des immigrés et de leurs enfants entre tous les pays de l’UE, de l’OCDE ainsi que de certains pays du G20, au travers de 74 indicateurs d'intégration organisés autour de trois grands thèmes : marché du travail et compétences, conditions de vie, engagement civique et intégration sociale. Pour mettre la comparaison dans son contexte, un chapitre est aussi consacré aux caractéristiques des populations immigrées et des ménages immigrés. Trois chapitres spéciaux sont enfin consacrés aux différences par genre; aux jeunes d’origine immigrée et aux ressortissants de pays tiers dans l’Union européenne.
The OECD's Development Assistance Committee (DAC) conducts periodic reviews of the individual development co-operation efforts of DAC members. The policies and programmes of each DAC member are critically examined approximately once every five years. DAC peer reviews assess the performance of a given member, not just that of its development co-operation agency, and examine both policy and implementation. They take an integrated, system-wide perspective on the development co-operation and humanitarian assistance activities of the member under review.
Since its last peer review, a severe economic recession brought about significant cuts to Greece’s national budget – including official development assistance. However, Greece has maintained its commitment to development co-operation. In response to the refugee and migration crisis Greece mobilised resources and its population to provide significant support to asylum seekers and refugees, and adapted its domestic policies to create conditions for peaceful co-existence between refugees, asylum seekers and the Greek population. As the economy recovers and Greece considers stepping up its development co-operation, this review recommends a number of steps that the government might take including building a new vision for development co-operation and putting in place the structures and systems to achieve it.
This report presents global projections of materials use and their environmental consequences, providing a quantitative outlook to 2060 at the global, sectoral and regional levels for 61 different materials (biomass resources, fossil fuels, metals and non-metallic minerals). It explains the economic drivers determining the decoupling of economic growth and materials use, and assesses how the projected shifts in sectoral and regional economic activity influence the use of different materials. The projections include both primary and secondary materials, which provides a deeper understanding of what drives the synergies and trade-offs between extraction and recycling.
The report projects a doubling of global primary materials use between today and 2060. Population and converging per capita income growth drive the growth in materials use. However, structural change, especially in non-OECD countries, and technology improvements partially dampen that growth. Metals and non-metallic minerals are projected to grow more rapidly than other types of materials.
Colombia, the fourth largest economy in Latin America, is back on track after decades of conflict. The country is looking to open up opportunities by addressing structural challenges, further benefiting from trade and investment, and increasing productivity. Colombia's march towards prosperity requires transforming the economy through a renewed policy approach that prioritises an expanded knowledge base, unlocks regional potential and fast tracks digital technologies. The success will depend on Colombia’s capacity to leverage its long-standing planning capacity and its ability to bring together all the relevant stakeholders.
The Production Transformation Policy Review (PTPR) of Colombia provides a novel and timely assessment of the country's industrialisation strategies. It relies on international peer learning and domestic consensus building, and benefited from knowledge sharing through the OECD Initiative for Policy Dialogue on Global Value Chains, Production Transformation and Development.
This report provides an assessment of Mexico City’s Local Anticorruption System (LACS). Based on international best practices and the OECD Recommendation on Public Integrity, the report reviews the institutional and co-ordination arrangements of the LACS; its regulatory framework; and the tools, programmes and processes necessary for a strategic approach to public integrity. It provides concrete suggestions for enhancing the design and implementation of the system, including cultivating a culture of integrity in government, the private sector and society; improving internal control and risk management; and upgrading public procurement policies to ensure value for money. If effective, the LACS has the potential not only to improve governance, deter corruption and boost citizen’s trust in Mexico City, but also to influence the integrity culture in the country as a whole.
This cross-country analysis was conducted to have a better understanding of approaches developed across countries and by different stakeholders to support alternatives assessment and substitution of chemicals of concern. It It describesapproaches in place (policy, regulatory and non-regulatory/voluntary approaches), their impact and the context in which they have been developed, as well as gaps and opportunities for advancing alternatives assessment practice and substitution of chemicals of concern.
With digitalisation, deepening globalisation and population ageing, the world of work is changing. The extent to which individuals, firms and economies can harness the benefits of these changes critically depends on the readiness of adult learning systems to help people develop relevant skills for this changing world of work. This report presents the key results from the Priorities for Adult Learning (PAL) Dashboard which facilitates comparisons between countries along seven dimensions of the readiness of adult learning systems to address future skill challenges. Based on the dashboard, the report highlights in which areas action is needed, and policy examples from OECD and emerging countries throughout the report illustrate how these actions could be implemented.
Under Action 14, countries have committed to implement a minimum standard to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). The MAP is included in Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and commits countries to endeavour to resolve disputes related to the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The Action 14 Minimum Standard has been translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review and monitoring process. The minimum standard is complemented by a set of best practices.
The peer review process is conducted in two stages. Stage 1 assesses countries against the terms of reference of the minimum standard according to an agreed schedule of review. Stage 2 focuses on monitoring the follow-up of any recommendations resulting from jurisdictions' stage 1 peer review report. This report reflects the outcome of the stage 1 peer review of the implementation of the Action 14 Minimum Standard by Hungary.
Under Action 14, countries have committed to implement a minimum standard to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). The MAP is included in Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and commits countries to endeavour to resolve disputes related to the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The Action 14 Minimum Standard has been translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review and monitoring process. The minimum standard is complemented by a set of best practices.
The peer review process is conducted in two stages. Stage 1 assesses countries against the terms of reference of the minimum standard according to an agreed schedule of review. Stage 2 focuses on monitoring the follow-up of any recommendations resulting from jurisdictions' stage 1 peer review report. This report reflects the outcome of the stage 1 peer review of the implementation of the Action 14 Minimum Standard by Iceland.
Under Action 14, countries have committed to implement a minimum standard to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). The MAP is included in Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and commits countries to endeavour to resolve disputes related to the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The Action 14 Minimum Standard has been translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review and monitoring process. The minimum standard is complemented by a set of best practices.
The peer review process is conducted in two stages. Stage 1 assesses countries against the terms of reference of the minimum standard according to an agreed schedule of review. Stage 2 focuses on monitoring the follow-up of any recommendations resulting from jurisdictions' stage 1 peer review report. This report reflects the outcome of the stage 1 peer review of the implementation of the Action 14 Minimum Standard by Estonia.
BEPS Action 6 minimum standard on preventing the granting of treaty benefits in inappropriate circumstances, is one of the four BEPS minimum standards that all Inclusive Framework members have committed to implement.
This report reflects the outcome of the first peer review of the implementation of the Action 6 minimum standard on treaty shopping as approved by the Inclusive Framework on BEPS. It includes the aggregate results of the review and data on tax treaties concluded by each of the 116 members of the Inclusive Framework on BEPS on 30 June 2018. Chapter 1 provides context of the Action 6 minimum standard, Chapter 2 focuses on the peer review process, Chapter 3 highlights the aggregate results of the peer review and Chapter 4 presents the conclusions and next steps. The annex contains the jurisdictional section for each members of the BEPS Inclusive Framework.
Under Action 14, countries have committed to implement a minimum standard to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). The MAP is included in Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and commits countries to endeavour to resolve disputes related to the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The Action 14 Minimum Standard has been translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review and monitoring process. The minimum standard is complemented by a set of best practices.
The peer review process is conducted in two stages. Stage 1 assesses countries against the terms of reference of the minimum standard according to an agreed schedule of review. Stage 2 focuses on monitoring the follow-up of any recommendations resulting from jurisdictions' stage 1 peer review report. This report reflects the outcome of the stage 1 peer review of the implementation of the Action 14 Minimum Standard by Greece.