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This report documents how the ongoing digital transformation is affecting people’s lives across the 11 key dimensions that make up the How’s Life? Well-being Framework (Income and wealth, Jobs and earnings, Housing, Health status, Education and skills, Work-life balance, Civic engagement and governance, Social connections, Environmental quality, Personal security, and Subjective well-being). A summary of existing studies highlights 39 key impacts of the digital transformation on people’s well-being. The review shows that these impacts can be positive as digital technologies expand the boundaries of information availability and enhance human productivity, but can also imply risks for people’s well-being, ranging from cyber-bullying to the emergence of disinformation or cyber-hacking. In sum, making digitalisation work for people’s well-being would require building equal digital opportunities, widespread digital literacy and strong digital security. Continued research and efforts in improving statistical frameworks will be needed to expand our knowledge on the many topics covered in this report.
This first OECD Investment Policy Review of Southeast Asia builds on national reviews of seven countries in Southeast Asia. It looks at common challenges across the region and at the interplay between regional initiatives and national reforms. The regional Review allows for a discussion of more thematic issues than are usually considered in the country-level reviews, including the possible role of regional initiatives in driving reform. It includes the following chapters: trends in foreign direct investment (FDI) in Southeast Asia, particularly in services; the unfinished agenda of FDI liberalisation in the region; the role of liberalisation in boosting both service sector and overall productivity in ASEAN; the evolution of investment protection in Southeast Asia; towards a smarter use of tax incentives in the region; and at how promoting and enabling responsible business conduct can help to maximise the development impact of investment.
The OECD Risks that Matter survey finds that these worries are weighing on people’s minds across countries. Risks that Matter examines people’s perceptions of the social and economic risks they face and assesses how well people feel government reacts to their concerns. The survey polled a representative sample of 22 000 adults in 21 OECD countries in 2018. Across countries, people are largely dissatisfied with existing social programmes. A majority of respondents believe that government would not provide them with an adequate safety net if they lost their income due to job loss, illness or old age. More than half feel that they would not be able to access public benefits easily if they needed them. And, on average, nearly three-quarters of all respondents want government to do more to protect their social and economic security. This survey shows that listening to people matters. Implementation matters. OECD countries have some of the most advanced social protection systems in the world, but policies are not reaching their full potential if people do not feel they can access benefits and services when needed. Governments must recommit to restoring trust, confidence, and efficacy in social protection.
Cette Ligne directrice pour l’essai sur la reproduction est conçue pour fournir des informations générales concernant les effets d’une substance d’essai (liquide, solide, gaz ou vapeur), sur la performance reproductrice des mâles et des femelles. La substance d’essai est administrée oralement par dose graduée à plusieurs groupes de mâles et de femelles.
Les mâles doivent être dosés durant la croissance et au moins pendant un cycle spermatogène complet ; les femelles de la génération parentale doivent être dosées pendant au moins deux cycles oestraux. Les animaux sont alors accouplés. La substance d’essai est administrée aux deux sexes pendant la période d’accouplement et par la suite seulement aux femelles pendant la période de gestation et d’allaitement. Cette Ligne directrice utilise principalement le rat ou la souris. Chaque groupe d'essai et de contrôle devrait contenir un nombre suffisant d'animaux pour garantir environ 20 femelles gravides à terme (ou presque à terme). Trois groupes d’essai au moins doivent être employés. Il est recommandé que la substance d’essai soit administrée dans la nourriture ou dans la boisson. Un essai limite peut être effectué si aucun effet n’est attendu à une dose de 1000 mg/kg poids corporel/j. Les résultats de l’étude comportent des mesures ( poids, consommation de nourriture) et des observations quotidiennes détaillées, tous les jours de préférence au même moment, de même qu’une autopsie générale et de l’histopathologie. Les résultats d'une étude de toxicité de reproduction sont évalués en termes d'effets observés, autopsie et résultats microscopiques. Un essai correctement effectué de reproduction fournit une évaluation satisfaisante d'un niveau de sans effet et une compréhension des effets nuisibles sur la reproduction, la parturition, la lactation et la croissance postnatale.
The present evaluation report assesses the progress made in the implementation of the ACN Work Programme 2016-2019. I
In 2015, the Government of Georgia embarked on an ambitious effort to improve the business environment and tackle market failures that make it harder for entrepreneurs and managers of small- and medium-sized companies to start, run and grow their businesses. The OECD supported these efforts, working with the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development to identify policy challenges and develop targeted measures to support Georgian SMEs. As a result of this work, the Government of Georgia was invited to a peer review under the auspices of the OECD Eurasia Competitiveness Roundtable in Paris in November 2015 which led to the subsequent adoption of Georgia’s SME Development Strategy 2016-2020.
Cette publication rassemble les statistiques sur les échanges internationaux présentés par pays partenaires pour 34 pays de l’OCDE, l’Union européenne, la zone euro et la Fédération de Russie, ainsi que des liens vers des définitions et des notes méthodologiques. Les données se réfèrent aux échanges entre résidents et non-résidents et sont présentées selon les recommandations du Manuel des statistiques du commerce international des services.
Ce volume inclut des tableaux récapitulatifs par pays partenaires et par principales catégories de services. Les séries sont exprimées en dollars des États-Unis et couvrent la période 2013-2017.
Lorsque les États membres des Nations Unies ont approuvé l’Agenda 2030 pour le développement durable en 2015, ils ont convenu que les objectifs et les cibles du développement durable devaient être atteints pour toutes les nations et tous les groupes de la société. Les gouvernements et les autres parties prenantes de l’agenda 2030 assument ainsi l'ambition de ne laisser personne de côté. Cette ambition apparaît de plus en plus souvent dans les politiques de développement, les priorités de la communauté internationale et les actions de plaidoyer de la société civile.
Comment garantir, dans les faits, que personne ne soit laissé de côté ? Les décideurs politiques, la société civile et les entreprises demandent plus de clarté. Concrètement, qu’est-ce que cela implique pour la conception et la mise en œuvre des politiques économiques, sociales et environnementales ? Comment adapter les politiques de coopération au développement, la programmation et les mécanismes de responsabilisation ? Qu'est-ce que les gouvernements, les partenaires au développement et la communauté internationale devraient faire différemment pour que la poursuite des objectifs de développement durable améliore la vie de tous, et en premier lieu celle des plus défavorisés ?
Le Rapport Coopération pour le développement 2018 : Agir ensemble pour n’oublier personne répond à ces questions et à bien d'autres. Il s’appuie sur les données les plus récentes pour montrer ce qu‘être « laissé de côté » veut dire. Tout en adoptant un large éventail de perspectives, l’ouvrage tire les leçons des politiques publiques, des pratiques et des partenariats qui fonctionnent le mieux. Il propose un cadre d’action holistique et innovant pour garantir que les politiques et les outils de coopération au développement soient à la hauteur de l’enjeu : n’oublier personne.
As “market referees”, regulators contribute to the delivery of essential public utilities. Their organisational culture, behaviour and governance are important factors in how regulators, and the sectors they oversee, perform. This report uses the OECD Performance Assessment Framework for Economic Regulators (PAFER) to assess both the internal and external governance of Peru's Supervisory Agency for Private Investment in Telecommunications (OSIPTEL). The review acknowledges OSIPTEL's achievements and good practices, analyses the key drivers of its performance, and proposes an integrated reform package to help the regulator prepare for the future.
Measuring innovation in education and understanding how it works is essential to improve the quality of the education sector. Monitoring systematically how pedagogical practices evolve would considerably increase the international education knowledge base. We need to examine whether, and how, practices are changing within classrooms and educational organisations and how students use learning resources. We should know much more about how teachers change their professional development practices, how schools change their ways to relate to parents, and, more generally, to what extent change and innovation are linked to better educational outcomes. This would help policy makers to better target interventions and resources, and get quick feedback on whether reforms do change educational practices as expected. This would enable us to better understand the role of innovation in education.
This new edition of Measuring Innovation in Education examines what has (or has not) changed for students over the past decade in OECD education systems. It reviews no fewer than 150 educational practices. The report casts light on systemic innovation in primary and secondary education, with a focus on pedagogical innovation. Has the use of technology spread? Have assessments become more important in pedagogical practices? Are students given more agency in their learning? Are they still asked to memorise facts and procedures? Do teachers increasingly engage students in peer learning activities? These are some of the questions this book seeks to answer. This report also presents some preliminary findings about the links between innovation and educational performance.
This book will offer precious insights to policy makers, the education community and all those who seek to understand how educational practices are evolving.
Como "árbitros de mercado", los órganismos reguladores contribuyen a la prestación de servicios públicos esenciales. Su cultura organizacional, comportamiento y gobernanza son factores importantes para determinar su desempeño y el de los sectores regulados. El Marco para la Evaluación del Desempeño de los Reguladores Económicos de la OCDE (PAFER, por sus siglas en inglés), evalúa las instituciones, procesos y prácticas que pueden crear una cultura organizacional de desempeño y resultados. Este informe aplica el PAFER para examinar elementos relacionados con la gobernanza interna y externa del Organismo Supervisor de la Inversión Privada en Telecomunicaciones (OSIPTEL). El informe identifica los logros y buenas prácticas del regulador desde su creación. Asimismo, analiza los factores clave del desempeño de OSIPTEL y propone una reforme integral para ayudar al regulador a prepararse para el futuro.
There is an urgent need to ensure that coastal areas are adapting to the impacts of climate change. Risks in these areas are projected to increase because of rising sea levels and development pressures. This report reviews how OECD countries can use their national adaptation planning processes to respond to this challenge. Specifically, the report examines how countries approach shared costs and responsibilities for coastal risk management and how this encourages or hinders risk-reduction behaviour by households, businesses and different levels of government. The report outlines policy tools that national governments can use to encourage an efficient, effective and equitable response to ongoing coastal change. It is informed by new analysis on the future costs of sea-level rise, and the main findings from four case studies (Canada, Germany, New Zealand and the United Kingdom).
This report monitors progress in implementing the three main policy recommendations from the OECD policy handbook Strengthening Agricultural Co-operatives in Kazakhstan (2015). It covers the legal frameworks for agricultural co-operatives, education and information services, financial support programmes, and concludes with a series of targeted recommendations for future activities. The report was developed in close collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture, KazAgro Holding, subnational authorities, farmers, farmers’ associations, research institutes and a team of international experts.
Настоящий отчет посвящен ходу реализации трех основных рекомендаций из Руководства ОЭСР по политико-экономическим мерам «Укрепление сельскохозяйственных кооперативов в Казахстане» (2015 год). В нем рассматриваются правовые основы сельскохозяйственной кооперации, образовательные и информационные услуги, программы финансовой поддержки. В завершение приводится ряд рекомендаций относительно направлений дальнейшей работы. Отчет подготовлен в тесном сотрудничестве с Министерством сельского хозяйства РК, «Национальным управляющим холдингом «КазАгро», региональными органами власти, сельхозпроизводителями, фермерскими объединениями, научно-исследовательскими организациями и группой международных экспертов.
This report presents an assessment of Mexico's recent education reforms. Education systems worldwide require continued policy efforts in essential areas to improve student learning, such as: the need to prioritise equity; providing learning environments that are fit for the 21st century; ensuring that schools are run and staffed by high-quality professionals who are well supported; and designing evaluation and assessment frameworks that support schools and assist policy makers in promoting effective student learning and quality of education for all. Mexico's education system has evolved in this direction, but many of the recent reforms need time to mature and flexibility to be adjusted to ensure schools can deliver quality education.
In Mexico, like in many other countries, there is a considerable distance between national policy making and the learning that happens in schools. Closing this gap requires substantial resources, capacity and support from state authorities, who have an important role to play as operators of the system, as well as from education stakeholders across the country. In complex education systems, implementation is not only about executing the policy but also building and fine-tuning it collaboratively. This OECD report aims to support Mexico in this endeavour.
Num mundo em que as coisas que são fáceis de ensinar e testar também se tornaram fáceis de digitalizar e de serem automatizadas, será a nossa imaginação, nossa consciência e nosso senso de responsabilidade que nos ajudarão a aproveitar as oportunidades do século 21 para transformar o mundo num lugar melhor.
As escolas de amanhã terão de ajudar os alunos a pensar por si mesmos e a se juntarem a outros, com empatia, no trabalho e na cidadania.
Elas terão que ajudar os alunos a desenvolver um forte senso de certo e errado, e também sensibilidade para com as reivindicações de outros.
De que as escolas vão precisar para conseguirem tornar isso realidade? Andreas Schleicher, criador do PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment), um programa da OCDE, e uma autoridade internacional em política educacional, acompanhou líderes educacionais em mais de 70 países em seus esforços para criar e implementar políticas e práticas voltadas para o futuro.
Embora as melhoras na educação sejam mais fáceis de proclamar que de serem atingidas, neste livro Schleicher examina os muitos casos de sucesso a partir dos quais há algo a aprender. Isso não tem nada a ver com copiar e colar soluções de outras escolas ou países, e sim com olhar seriamente e com serenidade para boas práticas em nossos próprios países ou em outros, para compreender o que funciona e em que contextos.
Especialista em Física, Schleicher oferece uma perspectiva única na reforma da educação: ele argumenta, de forma convincente, que ela não deveria deixar de ser arte, mas ser principalmente uma ciência.
“Ninguém no mundo sabe mais sobre Educação que Andreas Schleicher. Ponto final. Pela primeira vez, ele compilou 20 anos de patrimônio intelectual em um só lugar. A leitura de Primeira classe deveria ser obrigatória para os formuladores de políticas públicas e qualquer pessoa que queira saber como nossas escolas podem se adaptar ao mundo moderno – e ajudar todas as crianças a aprenderem por si mesmas.”
Amanda Ripley, author of The Smartest Kids in the World, um bestseller do New York Times
“[Schleicher]…compreende as questões mais importantes, e o faz encostando o ouvido no chão e descobrindo soluções conjuntamente a uma variedade de líderes de todos os níveis do sistema e em diversas sociedades.”
Michael Fullan, Diretor da Global Leadership, New Pedagogies for Deep Learning
“Todos os líderes visionários que encaram com seriedade o aprimoramento da aprendizagem escolar deveriam incluir este livro, totalmente baseado em evidências – Primeira Classe: Como construir um sistema educacional para o século 21 – no topo de sua lista de leituras.”
Jeb Bush, 43º Governador da Flórida, e fundador e Presidente da Fundação pela Excelência em Educação
“…um livro que precisa ser lido por aqueles que desejam criar um futuro no qual as oportunidades econômicas possam ser compartilhadas por todos.”
Klaus Schwab, Fundador e Presidente Executivo do Fórum Econômico Mundial
“Neste livro oportuno e visionário, um dos educadores mais capacitados do mundo se baseia em dados impressionantes, observações argutas e considerável sensatez para indicar os caminhos de uma educação efetiva para todos os jovens.”
– Howard Gardner, Diretor Senior do Projeto Zero, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação de Harvard
Over the past decade, the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) has consistently shown that governments need to look at discriminatory laws, social norms and practices to achieve gender equality and promote women’s empowerment. This 2019 global report provides an overview of the main outcomes of the SIGI in relation to women and the family, their physical integrity, access to productive and financial resources and their civic rights. Building on these outcomes, this report provides a set of policy recommendations to enhance governments’ efforts to deliver their gender-equality commitments through a three-pronged approach: starting with legal reforms and transformative gender policies, enforcing laws through community mobilisation and empowerment, and learning about the efficiency of policy through monitoring.
Нова редакція інструменту ОЕСР Керівні принципи корпоративного врядування на підприємствах державної форми власності пропонує міжнародно узгоджений базовий орієнтир, що допомагає органам державної влади оцінювати та вдосконалювати виконання наданих їм функцій держави-власника на держпідприємствах. Належне корпоративне врядування на підприємствах державної форми власності є важливим пріоритетом реформування у багатьох країнах. Підвищення рівня ефективності та прозорості в державному секторі врешті даватиме значні економічні вигоди, особливо в країнах, де права власності держави є важливим аспектом. Крім цього, створення рівних умов функціонування приватних і державних підприємств стимулюватиме сталість і конкурентоспроможність у сфері підприємництва. Ухвалена у 2005 році перша версія Керівних принципів подає низку прикладів належного застосування правових і регуляторних засад держпідприємств (ДП), професійного виконання функції держави-власника та системи корпоративного врядування ДП. Цю нову редакцію рекомендацій розроблено в світлі майже десятилітнього досвіду їх реалізації, після виконання низки тематичних і порівняльних досліджень, що були розроблені на базі попередньої версії Керівних принципів і продемонстрували та довели необхідність їх перегляду, зокрема, в частині розкриття інформації та прозорості, конкуренції державних і приватних підприємств, реалізації функцій Наглядової ради ДП, а також у сфері кредитно-фінансової діяльності підприємств державної форми власності.
Non-trial resolutions, often referred to as settlements, have been the predominant means of enforcing foreign bribery and other related offences since the entry into force of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention 20 years ago. The last decade has seen a steady increase in the use of coordinated multi-jurisdictional non-trial resolutions, which have, to date, permitted the highest global amount of combined financial penalties in foreign bribery cases. This study is the first cross-country examination of the different types of resolutions that can be used to resolve foreign bribery cases.
Measuring the Digital Transformation: A Roadmap for the Future provides new insights into the state of the digital transformation by mapping indicators across a range of areas – from education and innovation, to trade and economic and social outcomes – against current digital policy issues, as presented in Going Digital: Shaping Policies, Improving Lives. In so doing, it identifies gaps in the current measurement framework, assesses progress made towards filling these gaps and sets-out a forward-looking measurement roadmap. The goal is to expand the evidence base, as a means to lay the ground for more robust policies for growth and well-being in the digital era.