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Sweden’s northern region, Upper Norrland, is one of the most important mining regions in Europe and has the potential to become a global leader in environmentally sustainable mining. With the largest land surface and the lowest population density in Sweden, Upper Norrland contains two sub regions, Västerbotten and Norrbotten. Both sub regions host the greatest mineral reserves in the country, containing 9 of the country’s 12 active mines and providing 90% of the iron ore in the European Union. Upper Norrland has the potential to become a global leader in environmentally sustainable mining due to its competitive advantages, including a stable green energy supply, high-quality broadband connection, a pool of large mining companies working closely with universities to reduce the emissions footprint across the mining value chain, and a highly skilled labour force. Yet, the region must overcome a number of bottlenecks to support a sustainable future, including a shrinking workforce, low interaction of local firms with the mining innovation process and an increasing opposition to mining due to socio environmental concerns and land use conflicts. This study identifies how Västerbotten and Norrbotten can build on their competitive advantages and address current and future challenges to support a resilient future through sustainable mining.
Cette version abrégée est la traduction partielle de la version anglaise de Science, technologie et innovation : Perspectives de l'OCDE 2021. Elle contient les pages préliminaires, le résumé ainsi que le premier chapitre de la publication d'origine qui décrit le rôle essentiel de la science et de l'innovation dans la réponse immédiate à la crise du COVID-19.
Les secteurs tant public que privé ont consacré des milliards de dollars à ces efforts et la coopération mondiale a atteint des niveaux sans précédent. Pour autant, la crise économique induite par la pandémie devrait donner lieu à une réduction notable des dépenses de recherche et d’innovation dans les entreprises, tandis que les gouvernements devront affronter à la fois une dette publique abyssale et des besoins multiples et concurrents d’aides financières. Ces évolutions pourraient avoir des répercussions à long terme sur les systèmes d’innovation, au moment où la science et l’innovation sont plus que jamais indispensables pour lutter contre l’urgence climatique, atteindre les Objectifs de développement durable et accélérer la transformation numérique. Les pouvoirs publics devront certes prévoir dans leurs plans de relance des mesures pour protéger leurs systèmes d’innovation, mais ils devraient également profiter de cette occasion pour mener à bien des réformes. Les politiques de la science, de la technologie et de l’innovation (STI), en particulier, devraient servir un programme de transformation systémique plus ambitieux favorisant une transition encadrée vers un avenir plus durable, équitable et résilient.
Most G20 economies have made solid progress towards the Antalya goal of reducing the share of young people who are most at risk of being permanently left behind in the labour market by 15% by 2025. Since 2014, the share of young people aged 15-29 who are Not in Employment, Education or Training (the NEET rate) has declined in 15 G20 countries, and in 12 they are well on track to meet the Antalya goal.
Reducing methane emissions from oil and gas operations is among the most cost-effective and impactful actions that governments can take to achieve global climate goals. There is a major opportunity for countries looking to develop policies and regulations in this area to learn from the experience of jurisdictions that have already adopted methane-specific regulations in order to design frameworks that are adapted and tailored to local circumstances. One of the aims of any new policy effort should be to improve measurement and reporting of emissions data, which can in turn lead to more efficient regulatory interventions. However, the current state of information on emissions should not stand in the way of early action on methane abatement. Experience shows that countries can take an important “first step” today based on existing tools, which may include prescriptive requirements on known “problem sources” combined with monitoring programmes that seek to detect and address the largest emissions sources (“super-emitters”). In terms of process, implementing a new policy or regulation should involve three distinct phases, each covered in detail in this roadmap: understanding the local setting and circumstances, regulatory design and development, and finally, implementation.
This review analyses regulatory barriers to competition in the logistics sector in the Philippines, with the goal of helping the government make regulation more pro-competitive while fostering long-lasting growth. This report is based on a competition assessment of laws and regulations conducted by the OECD in the framework of the project “Fostering Competition in Asean”. Besides developing recommendations to promote the competitive and efficient functioning of markets under review, this report also includes estimates of how the implementation of certain recommendations could impact the economy. An OECD Competitive Neutrality Review of Small-package Delivery Services in the Philippines was launched together with this study.
The COVID-19 outbreak abruptly stopped several years of robust economic growth in Bulgaria. Public finances are sound and the government took rapid action to support firms and households. Coping with the pandemic and strengthening the recovery will require continued fiscal support, public investment and the advancement of priority reforms. Bulgaria also faces the challenge of how to sustain and ultimately enhance improvements in living standards for all to tackle rising inequality and persistently high poverty. Tackling obstacles to business sector growth will be key to attracting investment, boosting productivity and providing people with skills to take advantage of new job opportunities. Many rural regions are suffering from depopulation and rapid ageing. Regional income differences in Bulgaria are larger than in most OECD countries and growth has been lower in regions without larger cities. Investments in infrastructure and housing reform would help to boost mobility and strengthen links to national and international supply chains.
SPECIAL FEATURES: STRUCTURAL REFORMS TO RAISE PRODUCTIVITY AND BOOST CONVERGENCE; REDUCING REGIONAL DISPARITIES FOR INCLUSIVE GROWTH
The work of teachers matters in many different ways. Not only do they provide students with the knowledge and skills needed to thrive in the labour market, but they also help develop the social-emotional skills that are vital for students’ personal development and for their active citizenship. But how do teachers best achieve this? By linking 2018 data from the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) with evidence from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) – known as the TALIS-PISA link – this report aims to identify the teacher and school factors that matter most for student achievement and social-emotional development. The report uses a data-driven approach – based on machine learning and standard regression analyses – to identify the dimensions that are most strongly linked with student outcomes, and then combines this with a careful review of theory and previous research to analyse and interpret the findings. These findings provide a rich illustration of the many ways in which teachers and school leaders might influence the success of their students, acting as a tool for educators to reflect upon their own practice. Finally, the report offers several directions for education policy.
Despite potentially tremendous benefits, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) lag in the digital transformation. Emerging technologies, as diverse as they are, offer a range of applications for them to improve performance and overcome the size-related limitations they face in doing business. However, SMEs must be better prepared, and stakes are high. SMEs make the most of the industrial fabric in many countries and regions, they create jobs (most jobs sometimes) and are the cement of inclusive and sustainable societies. The SME digital gap has increased inequalities among people, places and firms, and there are concerns that the benefits of the digital transformation could accrue to early adopters, further broadening these inequalities. Enabling SME digitalisation has become a top policy priority in OECD countries and beyond. The report looks at recent trends in SME digital uptake, including in the context of the COVID-19 crisis. It focuses on issues related to digital security, online platforms, blockchain ecosystems, and artificial intelligence. The report identifies opportunities, risks of not going digital, and barriers to adoption. It looks to concrete policy action taken worldwide to speed the SME transformation and raises a series of considerations to advance the SME digital policy agenda.
The fields of toxicology and chemical risk assessment evaluate the safety of chemicals for humans the environment. Increasingly, modern methods seek to reduce the use of animals in chemical safety testing and predictive toxicology. In this context, the OECD has developed this guidance document on Physiologically Based Kinetic (PBK) models, with the goal of increasing confidence in the use of these models parameterised with data derived from in vitro and in silico methods. The document provides insights into how the data generated by such methods can be applied to construct PBK models and how these models can be validated. A series of cases studies illustrate the use of PBK models based on in vitro and in silico data, along with the application of the model assessment framework proposed herein. This guidance document provides a clear and consistent model assessment framework for facilitating the dialogue between the developers and proponents of PBK models and regulators who review and adopt the use of PBK models.
The Economic Outlook for Southeast Asia, China and India is a regular publication on regional economic growth, development and regional integration in Emerging Asia. It focuses on the economic conditions of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member countries: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. It also addresses relevant economic issues in China and India to fully reflect economic developments in the region. The Outlook comprises two main parts, each highlighting a particular dimension of recent economic developments in the region. The first part presents the regional economic monitor, depicting the economic outlook and macroeconomic challenges in the region. The second part consists of a special thematic chapter addressing a major issue facing the region. The 2021 edition of the Outlook addresses reallocation of resources to digitalisation in response to COVID-19, with special focuses on health, education and Industry 4.0. During the COVID-19 crisis, digitalisation has proved critical to ensuring the continuity of essential services. The use of e-commerce, digital health tools and on-line education all accelerated sharply during the pandemic in Emerging Asia. However, there is still a lot of work to be done, for the region to be able to get the full benefits of digitalisation.
In the last decades, Chile has made tremendous progress towards greater economic prosperity and lower poverty. Per capita income more than doubled over the past 20 years and is now the highest in Latin America. These progresses have now come to a halt. Since October 2019 Chile has faced two unprecedented shocks, the social protests and the COVID 19 outbreak. Income convergence was already slowing before these shocks amid modest productivity growth and while the past growth performance has lifted many Chileans out of poverty over the last three decades, income inequality remains high by OECD standards. However, such unprecedented times gives the opportunity to create consensus among citizens around major pending reforms, strengthen common values around the importance of having strong public services and the relevance of belonging to the formal sector. Achieving such economic and social improvements will require further progress toward reducing inequalities and building a stronger middle-class, raising productivity and the dynamism of SMEs, that will be especially impacted by the outbreak. Moreover, during the pandemic digital technologies are being critical to sustain continuity in business and jobs. Digitalisation will play an ever important role in the recovery, while addressing the persistent low productivity.
SPECIAL FEATURE: DIGITALISATION, PRODUCTIVITY AND SKILLS
La Guía de la OCDE de debida diligencia para cadenas de suministro responsables en el sector textil y del calzado ayuda a las empresas a implementar las recomendaciones en materia de debida diligencia comprendidas en las Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para Empresas Multinacionales a lo largo de la cadena de suministro con el objetivo de prevenir y responder los impactos negativos potenciales de sus actividades y cadenas de suministro. La Guía busca apoyar los objetivos de las Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para asegurar que las actividades de empresas del sector textil y del calzado estén en armonía con las políticas gubernamentales y así fortalecer las bases de confianza mutua entre las empresas y las sociedades en las que operan. Esta Guía también apoya a las empresas en la implementación de las recomendaciones de debida diligencia contenidas en los Principios Rectores de las Naciones Unidas sobre las Empresas y los Derechos Humanos. La Guía está alineada con la Declaración de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) relativa a los Principios y Derechos Fundamentales en el Trabajo y su Seguimiento, Convenciones y Recomendaciones relevantes de la OIT, y la Declaración Tripartita de Principios sobre las Empresas Multinacionales y la Política Social de la OIT. En conjunto con sus módulos de diligencia debida para áreas de riesgo específicas, esta Guía proporciona a las empresas un paquete completo para operar y abastecerse responsablemente en el sector textil y del calzado. Esta Guía fue desarrollada a través de un proceso en el que intervinieron múltiples partes interesadas, con participación en profundidad de países miembros y no miembros de la OCDE, representantes de empresas, sindicatos y de la sociedad civil, y fue supervisado por el Grupo de Trabajo de la OCDE sobre Conducta Empresarial Responsable. Esta Guía tiene orientación práctica, centrada en enfoques colaborativos y constructivos frente a desafíos complejos. Esta Guía se basa en los informes detallados de los Puntos Nacionales de Contacto (PNC) de Francia e Italia sobre la implementación de las Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para Empresas Multinacionales en el sector textil y del calzado y responde a las declaraciones realizadas en junio de 2013 y de 2014 por los PNC con relación al trágico derrumbe del edificio Rana Plaza.
In recent years Korea has stepped up efforts to reduce inequalities in recognition that a fairer economic model is also the most sustainable one. In order to support this new policy direction, the OECD has carried out novel analysis of inclusive growth building on its Framework for Policy Action, developed by the OECD to improve the prospects of the groups left behind. The Inclusive Growth Review of Korea applies, for the first time, the Framework at the national level. Using a dashboard of indicators, the Framework presents policy recommendations to sustain and more equitably share the gains of economic growth by investing in people left behind, supporting business dynamism and inclusive labour markets, and building efficient and responsive governments. In addition, the Inclusive Growth Review of Korea finds that digitalisation risks to compound the disparities of Korean labour markets, and calls for renewed efforts to reduce the lack of opportunities for up- and re-skilling of the working-age population (Chapter 2). To improve the business environment, Korea should address the unbalanced growth across sectors and firm size and unequal distribution of productivity gains across population groups (Chapter 3).
En el informe La Ayuda para el Comercio en síntesis 2019 se analiza la manera en que el comercio puede contribuir a la diversificación y al empoderamiento económicos, prestando especial atención a la eliminación de la pobreza extrema, en particular mediante la participación efectiva de las mujeres y los jóvenes. También se examina la manera en que la Ayuda para el Comercio puede contribuir al logro de esos objetivos abordando las limitaciones de la capacidad de oferta y de la infraestructura relacionada con el comercio, sobre todo en lo que se refiere a las microempresas y pequeñas y medianas empresas (MIPYME), y más especialmente a las MIPYME ubicadas en zonas rurales
El análisis que aquí se presenta se basa en las opiniones expresadas por los 133 países y organizaciones que han respondido al cuestionario, entre los cuales figuran 88 países en desarrollo, 35 donantes, 5 cinco proveedores Sur-Sur de ayuda relacionada con el comercio y 5 organizaciones regionales que participaron en el ejercicio de vigilancia y evaluación de la Ayuda para el Comercio de 2019. Los participantes comparten la opinión de que la diversificación de la economía es un camino que conduce al empoderamiento económico, pero también que este es esencial para la diversificación de la economía, especialmente cuando permite a los jóvenes, las mujeres y las MIPYME participar en el comercio internacional.
Panorama de l'aide pour le commerce 2019 analyse la manière dont le commerce peut contribuer à la diversification et à l'autonomisation économiques, en mettant l'accent sur l'élimination de l'extrême pauvreté, en particulier par la participation active des femmes et des jeunes ; et sur la manière dont le commerce peut contribuer à la réalisation de ces objectifs en remédiant aux contraintes qui pèsent sur l'offre et l'infrastructure commerciale, y compris pour les micro, petites et moyennes entreprises, en particulier dans les zones rurales.
L'analyse est basée sur les vues des 133 participants – dont 88 pays en développement, 35 donateurs, 5 fournisseurs d'assistance Sud Sud liée au commerce et 5 organisations régionales – à l'exercice 2019 de suivi et d'évaluation de l'Aide pour le commerce. Tous sont d'avis que la diversification économique ouvre la voie à l'autonomisation économique, mais aussi que l'autonomisation est essentielle à la diversification économique, notamment en ce qu'elle permet aux jeunes, aux femmes et aux micro, petites et moyennes entreprises de participer au commerce international.
Tendances des impôts sur la consommation présente des informations sur la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée/la taxe sur les produits et services (TVA/TPS) ainsi que sur les droits d'accise dans les pays membres de l'OCDE. Cette publication contient également des informations sur les aspects internationaux de l'évolution de la TVA/TPS et sur l'efficacité de cet impôt. Elle décrit également un ensemble de dispositions dans le domaine des impôts sur la consommation sur le tabac, les boissons alcoholiques, les véhicules à moteur et les carburants pour l'aviation.
This report explores the accessibility challenges that people face in remote areas. It demonstrates how state support can ensure access to essential services and reduce social and economic isolation where private markets fail to provide adequate transport connections. It provides a classification of policy interventions in different countries and reviews common design and implementation challenges. Finally, it analyses different approaches to determine the appropriate level of state support for transport in remote communities.
Digitalizācija Latvijā analizē jaunākās attīstības tendences Latvijas digitālajā ekonomikā, pārskata ar digitalizāciju saistītās politikas un sniedz ieteikumus par politikas saskaņotības palielināšanu šajā jomā, pamatojoties uz ESAO Going Digital integrētās politikas struktūru.
Pārskatā tiek izmantots stratēģiska perspektīva, lai izpētītu trīs alternatīvus nākotnes scenārijus, kas var izveidoties globālās ekonomikas un sabiedrības digitālās transformācijas rezultātā. Tajā tiek pētīta arī sakaru tīklu un pakalpojumu pieejamība Latvijā, kā arī saistītās politikas un regulējumi. Turklāt pārskatā tiek aplūkotas fi zisku personu, uzņēmumu un valdības tendences digitālās tehnoloģijas izmantošanas jomā, kā arī izpētītas politikas, lai sekmētu izplatīšanu. Visbeidzot pārskatā tiek analizētas digitalizācijas radītās iespējas un izaicinājumi galvenajās jomās, sākot ar inovācijām un prasmēm un beidzot ar digitālo drošību un datu pārvaldību, kā arī novērtētas politikas reakcijas uz šīm pārmaiņām Latvijā.
Šī publikācija ir Going Digital in Latvia tulkojums, kas ir daļa no OECD Reviews of Digital Transformation sērijas, kas publicēts tikai angļu valodā.
Going Digital in Latvia analyses recent developments in Latvia’s digital economy, reviews policies related to digitalisation and make recommendations to increase policy coherence in this area, based on the OECD Going Digital Integrated Policy Framework.
The review uses strategic foresight to explore three alternative future scenarios, which could result from the digital transformation of the global economy and society. It also examines the availability and quality of communication networks and services in Latvia as well as related policies and regulations. Further, it reviews trends in digital technology usage among individuals, businesses and the government, and examines policies to foster diffusion. Finally, the review analyses opportunities and challenges raised by digitalisation in key areas, from innovation and skills to digital security and data governance, and evaluates policy responses to these changes in Latvia.
This report, commissioned by the Korean Ministry of Trade Industry and Energy and written jointly by the International Energy Agency and the Korea Energy Economics Institute, examines current conditions and future opportunities to ensure electricity security and system flexibility with higher shares of variable renewable energy in Korea. The report examines the objectives from the 9th Basic Plan for Long-term Electricity (BPLE) in terms of energy demand and variable renewable energy deployment, and provides options to maintain the country’s current high level of electricity security, while integrating increasing shares of solar PV and wind. Taking into consideration the existing institutional and market structure, the analysis first looks into how flexibility needs may evolve in Korea’s power system and suggests technical options to satisfy these requirements making use of flexible generation, storage, demand-side flexibility and grids. The report then looks at key aspects of operational security and long-term planning, both recognising current progress in terms of grid and market code updates as well as suggesting improvements to the long-term planning process, through for example integrated resource planning. The report suggests market design improvements that can be implemented within the current framework, considering price formation mechanisms and integration with the existing emissions trading scheme. Finally, the report examines key aspects of climate and cyber resilience, suggesting improvements that can be integrated into long-term planning to ensure resilience across the whole value chain.