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This publication contains the 2022 Second Round Peer Review on the Exchange of Information on Request for Kuwait. It refers to Phase 1 only (Legal and Regulatory Framework).
This publication contains the 2022 Second Round Peer Review on the Exchange of Information on Request for Slovenia.
This publication contains the 2022 Second Round Peer Review on the Exchange of Information on Request for the Maldives. It refers to Phase 1 only (Legal and Regulatory Framework).
This publication contains the 2022 Second Round Peer Review on the Exchange of Information on Request for Iceland.
Close to the halfway point of the Sustainable Development Goals, a significant data gap threatens to leave the poorest and most vulnerable behind. The PARIS21 Partner Report on Support to Statistics 2022 raises the alert on shortfalls in funding to data and statistics that have grown larger in 2020 – only partly due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Amidst a worsening picture for global development and a rise in complex global threats, leaders need to reaffirm their commitments to data and statistics as a core component of effective and impactful policy making.
The PARIS21 Partner Report on Support to Statistics, PARIS21's flagship report, is the most comprehensive annual analysis of donor financial flows to data and statistics. This 2022 edition reveals for the first time the impact that the COVID-19 crisis has had on support for statistics, as well as advocating for a renewed focus on data and statistics in order to navigate through future crises.
The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is a multilateral framework for tax transparency and information sharing, within which over 160 jurisdictions participate on an equal footing. The Global Forum monitors and peer reviews the implementation of the international standards of Exchange of Information on Request (EOIR) and Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI).
AEOI provides for the automatic exchange of a predefined set of financial account information between tax authorities on an annual basis to assist them in ensuring the correct amount of tax is paid. To ensure the AEOI standard is fully effective, the Global Forum carries out a review of each jurisdiction’s domestic and international legal frameworks to ensure they are complete, as well as a review of the effectiveness of their implementation of the standard in practice.
This report presents the latest conclusions of the peer reviews of the legal frameworks put in place by each jurisdiction to implement the AEOI standard. The results relate to the more than 100 jurisdictions that committed to commence AEOI by 2020. It also contains, for the first time, the results of the Global Forum’s initial peer reviews in relation to the effectiveness in practice of the implementation of the standard.
Coal and its emissions are a critical issue as the world contends with both the global energy crisis and the climate crisis. This report presents pragmatic, real-world guidance on how policymakers can achieve a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions from coal without harming economies or energy security, outlining measures to finance energy transitions and address their social and employment aspects. It also explores the options for the power sector and other parts of the economy where coal plays a notable role. It examines a range of policy and technology areas, including the potential for carbon capture, utilisation and storage. And it addresses investment and financing needs, taking into account the importance of ensuring reliable and affordable energy supplies and of tackling the social consequences of change.
The Climate Action Monitor 2022 updates the International Programme for Action on Climate (IPAC) annual comprehensive assessment of country progress towards net-zero goals and the Paris Agreement commitments. This year's edition draws on two new sets of indicators developed by IPAC on climate-related hazards and climate action: climate hazard and exposure indicators and the climate actions and policies measurement framework. These indicators provide granular evidence that although climate action and policies are expanding across the world, government ambition must increase significantly to deal with the range of climate risks faced globally and affecting people's livelihoods.
L'Observateur de l'action climatique 2022 met à jour l'évaluation annuelle des progrès des pays vers les objectifs zéro émission nette et les engagements de l'Accord de Paris. L'édition de cette année s'appuie sur deux nouveaux ensembles d'indicateurs sur les risques liés au climat et les actions climatiques, élaborés par le Programme international pour l'action climatique (IPAC) : les indicateurs de risques et d'exposition au climat et le cadre de mesure des actions et des politiques climatiques. Ces indicateurs fournissent des preuves granulaires que, bien que l'action et les politiques climatiques se développent dans le monde entier, l'ambition doit augmenter de manière significative pour faire face à l'éventail des risques climatiques auxquels le monde est confronté et qui affectent les moyens de subsistance des populations.
This report represents the second outcome of the collaboration between the Asian Productivity Organization (APO) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to improve the measurement and analysis of productivity developments across APO and OECD member economies. The report discusses the potential impact of COVID-19 on productivity and examines the role of Multifactor Productivity (MFP) as a major driver of economic growth and changes in living standards. It then identifies the most important factors influencing MFP growth and describes the most important challenges affecting the measurement of each of these factors as well as the estimation of their impact on MFP. The report provides key recommendations to improve the reliability and interpretation of the empirical evidence for economic analysis.
What challenges and opportunities does the green transition entail for Latin America and the Caribbean? This 15th edition of the Latin American Economic Outlook explores options for the region to recast its production models, transform its energy matrix and create better jobs in the process. It argues that, for this transition to be just, stronger social-protection systems and open dialogue must help build new, sustainable social contracts. In support of this ambitious agenda, the report presents an array of financing options, including green finance, and advocates for renewed international partnerships.
La question de la confiance entre les entreprises multinationales (EMN) et les administrations fiscales est un élément essentiel du système fiscal, mais relativement peu étudiée. S'appuyant sur des recherches antérieures de l'OCDE sur le civisme fiscal, qui mesurent les perceptions et les attitudes des contribuables à l'égard du paiement des impôts et de la fraude fiscale, ce rapport présente de nouvelles données sur la façon dont les administrations fiscales perçoivent le comportement des EMN en matière de conformité fiscale. En mettant l'accent sur les défis auxquels sont confrontés les pays en développement, ce rapport compile ces données avec des données antérieures sur les perceptions des entreprises multinationales, et les résultats d’un ensemble de tables rondes régionales sur le civisme fiscal, organisées entre les administrations fiscales et les entreprises multinationales. Après avoir répertorié un certain nombre de défis liés à la confiance, à la transparence et à l'ouverture, le rapport présente un éventail d'approches visant à renforcer la confiance, à améliorer la communication et à établir des relations plus efficaces entre les contribuables et les administrations fiscales.
Amid the ongoing global energy crisis, Never Too Early to Prepare for Next Winter: Europe’s Gas Balance for 2023-2024 examines the latest developments in European natural gas and electricity markets, and in global LNG markets – assessing their implications for Europe’s gas balance in 2023 and 2024.
Based on detailed analysis of global data and market trends, this new IEA report cautions that the process of filling European gas storage sites in 2022 benefitted from key factors – including Russian pipeline flows during the summer and lower LNG imports by China – that may well not be repeated in 2023. This raises the risk of a supply-demand gap of as much as 30 billion cubic metres (bcm) during the key summer period for refilling gas storage in 2023.
High levels of corruption and lack of transparency are key constraints to economic growth in many countries worldwide. This Country Profile for Croatia aims to map existing legal and institutional frameworks in the policy areas of anti-corruption, competition, and state-owned enterprises to identify policy challenges to a level playing eld. It also provides actionable policy recommendations which draw on a broad set of OECD analysis, guidelines, legal instruments and good practices as well as on additional data collected for the report. This Country Pro le, along those for Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, is one output of the three year OECD project to promote fair market conditions for competitiveness in the Adriatic region, which is supported by the Siemens Integrity Initiative. Through Collective Action, government officials from the region as well as business leaders, anti-corruption experts and practitioners, civil society representatives and academics have engaged to jointly enhance integrity and transparency. These efforts are part of the engagement of the OECD South East Europe Regional Programme, which collaborates with the region since 2000 to advance private sector development, improve the investment climate and raise living standards for an inclusive and sustainable future for the people of South East Europe.
Rapid economic growth in Southeast Asia since the turn of the century has led to remarkably improved socio-economic conditions, with expanded and enhanced employment opportunities, gradually rising wages and better living standards. Yet, the dividends of this strong and multifaceted dynamism have not, so far, been evenly shared between men and women. Whereas economic growth and better targeted social policies have contributed to shrinking gender gaps in educational attainment, significant disparities remain in women’s labour force participation, job quality and earnings in the region. This report – developed jointly by the OECD, ASEAN and national stakeholders – seeks to better understand the causes behind these persistent gaps and advances policy solutions to help close them.
Accelerating the transition to net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is urgently required to contain the risks of climate change. As countries seek to reduce GHG emissions, they can employ or reform a wide range of policy instruments. This report tracks how explicit carbon prices, energy taxes and subsidies have evolved between 2018 and 2021. This is an important subset of the policy instruments available to governments. All instruments considered in this report either directly change the cost of emitting GHG or change electricity prices. Reforming these instruments could help to meet climate targets, lead to cleaner air and water, and improve public finances. The report covers 71 countries, which together account for approximately 80% of global GHG emissions and energy use. Explicit carbon prices, as well as energy taxes and subsidies are detailed by country, sector, product and instrument. The use of a common methodology ensures comparability across countries. Summary indicators facilitate cross-country comparisons and allow policy makers and the public to keep track of progress made and identify opportunities for reform.
Afin de limiter les risques liés au changement climatique, la transition vers la neutralité en émission de gaz à effet de serre (GES) doit être accélérée. Les pays peuvent recourir à un large éventail d'instruments politiques pour réduire les émissions. Ce rapport montre comment les prix explicites du carbone, les taxes énergétiques et les subventions ont évolué entre 2018 et 2021. Ces instruments jouent un rôle important parmi les leviers d’action dont disposent les gouvernements. Tous les instruments présents dans le rapport ont pour effet de modifier directement le prix à payer pour émettre des GES ou de modifier les prix de l’électricité. Leur réforme peut contribuer grandement à la réalisation des objectifs climatiques tout en réduisant la pollution de l’air et de l’eau et en améliorant la situation des finances publiques.
Le rapport porte sur 71 pays responsables collectivement de quelque 80 % des émissions mondiales de GES et de la consommation d’énergie. Les prix explicites du carbone et les taxes et subventions énergétiques sont détaillés par pays, secteur, produit et instrument. L’utilisation d’une méthodologie commune garantit la comparabilité entre pays. Des indicateurs synthétiques facilitent l’établissement de comparaisons et aident les décideurs publics à suivre les progrès accomplis et à repérer les possibilités de réforme.
With an electricity system defined by high shares of hydropower, large capacity for interconnection with its neighbours and low carbon intensity, Switzerland is well positioned to attain its objective of net zero carbon emissions by 2050. However, the exact pathway remains the subject of discussion. First, what should the shares of nuclear energy and variable renewable energies such as solar PV and wind be in the energy mix? Second, what degree of electricity trade should Switzerland have with its European neighbours?
New system modelling of different energy policy choices with the Nuclear Energy Agency’s POSY model shows that all considered scenarios are technically feasible. However, relying on variable renewables alone or decoupling Switzerland from neighbouring countries could increase total system costs by up to 250%. Instead, continuing to operate Switzerland’s newest nuclear power plants alongside existing hydropower resources, while maintaining interconnection capacity at current levels, emerges as the most cost-effective option to achieve net zero emissions in 2050. Ample data and technical documentation of a least-cost mixed integer (MILP) modelling with hourly resolution are also provided in order to allow replication, extension and discussion of this study’s findings
Ce rapport apporte un éclairage nouveau sur les économies urbaines africaines, d’une portée et d’une précision unique. Sur la base de données recueillies auprès de plus de 4 millions d'individus et d'entreprises, issus de 2 600 villes de 34 pays africains, le rapport montre que l'urbanisation contribue à l’amélioration des résultats économiques et du niveau de vie. Dans la plupart des dimensions socio-économiques, les villes obtiennent des résultats nettement supérieurs aux pays au sein desquels elles sont situées. En Afrique, l’urbanisation est responsable d’environ 30% de la croissance du produit intérieur brut (PIB) par habitant au cours des 20 dernières années. Les bénéfices de l'urbanisation sur les performances économiques et la qualité de vie s'étendent au-delà des limites de la ville et profitent également aux zones rurales. Les pôles urbains transnationaux émergent le long des côtes ainsi qu'à l'intérieur du continent, offrant de nouvelles opportunités de développement économique. Sur la base de ces résultats, le rapport définit des priorités politiques, aux niveaux national et local, essentielles pour réaliser le potentiel de l'urbanisation. Parmi celles-ci, le rôle économique des villes devrait être pleinement intégré dans la planification du développement national. Par ailleurs, les gouvernements locaux ont besoin d’une plus grande capacité fiscale et administrative pour devenir des acteurs clés du développement économique.