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The effects of immigration on the Thai economy are considerable, as the number of immigrants has increased rapidly since the turn of the century. Immigrant workers now contribute to all economic sectors, and are important for the workforce in industrial sectors such as construction and manufacturing and in some service sectors including private household services. Immigration is associated with an improvement of labour market outcomes of the native-born population, and in particular appears to increase paid employment opportunities. Immigration is also likely to raise income per capita in Thailand, due to the relatively high share of the immigrant population which is employed and therefore contributes to economic output. Policies aiming to further diversify employment opportunities for immigrant workers could also be beneficial for the economic contribution of immigration.
How Immigrants Contribute to Thailand’s Economy is the result of a project carried out by the OECD Development Centre and the International Labour Organization, with support from the European Union. The project aimed to analyse several economic impacts – on the labour market, economic growth and public finance – of immigration in ten partner countries: Argentina, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, the Dominican Republic, Ghana, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Rwanda, South Africa and Thailand. The empirical evidence stems from a combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses of secondary and in some cases primary data sources.
This report analyses Hungary’s Public Administration and Public Service Development Strategy 2014-2020, focusing on human resources management, digital government, and budgeting practices. It also provides practical recommendations for improving efficiency.
El Gobierno de México, bajo el liderazgo del Presidente Enrique Peña Nieto, diseñó el paquete de reformas más ambicioso que la OCDE ha presenciado en años recientes. Después forjó el consenso político necesario para refrendarlo mediante el inusitado Pacto por México; promovió la aprobación de estas y otras reformas en el Congreso; y comenzó a ponerlas en marcha. A través de esta batería de reformas se abordaron problemas en áreas de política pública que habían esperado cambios profundos durante décadas; en el mercado laboral, la educación, el trabajo, los impuestos, las telecomunicaciones, el sector energético y el sistema judicial, entre otras. México todavía afronta retos importantes, por lo que es decisivo para México continuar con su agenda de reformas. Además, se requiere fortalecer algunas de las reformas recientes, mantenerlas actualizadas y promoverlas para garantizar su aplicación eficaz. La OCDE está lista para seguir acompañando a México en este camino.
The recent effects of immigration on the Kyrgyz economy appear to be limited. Many immigrants have been in the country for several decades, hence are overrepresented among the older cohorts, resulting in a lower labour force participation rate than among the native-born. Still, the estimated share of value added generated by immigrants exceeds their share of the labour force but also of the population. Overall, immigration is not associated with a deteriorating labour force situation for the native-born population. In contrast, the current contribution of immigrants to public finance appears to be negative. The high concentration among retirement-age individuals is a major reason for this outcome as the estimate disregards their prior contributions to public revenues. Kyrgyzstan's economy would benefit from changes in certain migration and non-migration sectoral policies.
How Immigrants Contribute to Kyrgyzstan’s Economy is the result of a project carried out by the OECD Development Centre and the International Labour Organization, with support from the European Union. The project aimed to analyse several economic impacts – on the labour market, economic growth, and public finance – of immigration in ten partner countries: Argentina, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, the Dominican Republic, Ghana, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Rwanda, South Africa and Thailand. The empirical evidence stems from a combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses of secondary and in some cases primary data sources.
BEPS Action 5 is one of the four BEPS minimum standards which all Inclusive Framework members have committed to implement. One part of the Action 5 minimum standard is the transparency framework for compulsory spontaneous exchange on certain rulings which, in the absence of transparency, could give rise to BEPS concerns. Over 100 jurisdictions have joined the Inclusive Framework and will take part in a peer review to assess their compliance with the transparency framework.
Specific terms of reference and a methodology have been agreed for the peer reviews to assess a jurisdiction’s implementation of the minimum standard. The review of the transparency framework assesses countries against the terms of reference which focus on five key elements: i) information gathering process, ii) exchange of information, iii) confidentiality of the information received; iv) statistics on the exchanges of rulings; and v) transparency on certain aspect of intellectual property regimes.
This report reflects the outcome of the first peer review of the implementation of the Action 5 minimum standard. It covers the jurisdictions which participated in the BEPS Project prior to the creation of the Inclusive Framework, and it assesses implementation for the 1 January 2016 – 31 December 2016 period.
How’s Life? 2017 charts the promises and pitfalls for people’s well-being in 35 OECD countries and 6 partner countries. It presents the latest evidence from 50 indicators, covering both current well-being outcomes and resources for future well-being, and including changes since 2005. During this period there have been signs of progress, but gains in some aspects of life have been offset by losses elsewhere. This fourth edition highlights the many faces of inequality, showing that gaps in people’s achievements and opportunities extend right across the different dimensions of well-being. It exposes divisions according to age, gender, and education, and reveals pockets of inequality in all OECD countries. It also brings to light the many well-being disadvantages that migrants face in adapting to life abroad. Additionally, the report examines governance as seen from the citizen’s perspective, revealing gaps between public institutions and the people they serve. Finally, it provides a country-by-country perspective, pinpointing strengths, challenges and changes in well-being over time in 41 country profiles.
How’s Life? is part of the OECD Better Life Initiative, which features a range of studies and analysis about people’s well-being and how to measure it, and includes the interactive Better Life Index website.
This new edition of Health at a Glance presents the most recent comparable data on the health status of populations and health system performance in OECD countries. Where possible, it also reports data for partner countries (Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, India, Indonesia, Lithuania, Russian Federation and South Africa). The data presented in this publication come from official national statistics, unless otherwise stated.
This edition contains a range of new indicators, particularly on risk factors for health. It also places greater emphasis on time trend analysis. Alongside indicator-by-indicator analysis, this edition offers snapshots and dashboard indicators that summarise the comparative performance of countries, and a special chapter on the main factors driving life expectancy gains.
BEPS Action 5 is one of the four BEPS minimum standards that all Inclusive Framework members have committed to implement. One part of the Action 5 minimum standard relates to preferential tax regimes where a peer review is undertaken to identify features of such regimes that can facilitate base erosion and profit shifting, and therefore have the potential to unfairly impact the tax base of other jurisdictions.
This progress report is an update to the 2015 BEPS Action 5 report and contains the results of the review of all Inclusive Framework members' preferential tax regimes that have been identified. The results are reported as at October 2017.
The report also contains guidance on preferential tax regimes, including timelines for amending regimes, how certain features of preferential regimes will be monitored, and guidance on the requirement that jurisdictions offering preferential regimes must require substantial activities to be undertaken in the regime.
Este informe se basa en los resultados del ejercicio de monitoreo global 2016 realizado con el patrocinio de la Alianza Global para la Cooperación Eficaz al Desarrollo y muestra una panorámica de los avances conseguidos en principios acordados internacionalmente que buscan mejorar la cooperación del desarrollo.
La entrega de datos e información para realizar el ejercicio de monitoreo fue liderado por 81 países, con la participación de más de 125 socios bilaterales y multilaterales en el desarrollo, así como cientos de organizaciones de la sociedad civil, representantes del sector privado y otros actores relevantes del desarrollo de los países participantes. Este informe muestra las conclusiones del ejercicio sobre la base de un meticuloso análisis y agregación de dicha información. Su objetivo es estimular y nutrir el diálogo sobre políticas a nivel de país, regional e internacional, generando una base de evidencias para promover medidas colectivas futuras que fortalezcan la contribución de la cooperación eficaz al desarrollo a la implementación de Agenda para el Desarrollo Sostenible 2030 y la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible.
El informe confirma la importancia de contar con principios y compromisos para fortalecer el enfoque del desarrollo en los resultados, velar por la apropiación nacional del proceso y la inclusión de las alianzas para el desarrollo, además de mejorar la transparencia y la rendición mutua de cuentas en torno a las gestiones en pos del desarrollo.
Higher education policy is the key to lifelong learning and this is particularly important as the ageing population is increasing in many countries. It is a major driver of economic competitiveness in an increasingly knowledge-driven global economy and it also brings social cohesion and well-being. Countries are increasingly aware that higher education institutions need to foster the skills required to sustain a globally competitive research base and improve knowledge dissemination to the benefit of society. Kazakhstan’s higher education system has made progress over the past ten years. However, there is scope for improvement in delivering labour-market relevant skills to Kazakhstanis, and in supporting economic growth through research and innovation.
In examining the higher education system in Kazakhstan, this report builds on a 2007 joint OECD/World Bank review: Reviews of National Policies for Education: Higher Education in Kazakhstan 2007. Each chapter presents an overview of progress made in the past decade across the main areas explored in the 2007 report. These include quality and relevance, access and equity, internationalisation, research and innovation, financing and governance. The report also examines policy responses to evolving dynamics in higher education and the wider socio-economic changes.
This fourth edition of Health at a Glance: Europe presents key indicators of health and health systems in the 28 EU countries, 5 candidate countries to the EU and 3 EFTA countries. This 2016 edition contains two main new features: two thematic chapters analyse the links between population health and labour market outcomes, and the important challenge of strengthening primary care systems in European countries; and a new chapter on the resilience, efficiency and sustainability of health systems in Europe, in order to align the content of this publication more closely with the 2014 European Commission Communication on effective, accessible and resilient health systems. This publication is the result of a renewed collaboration between the OECD and the European Commission under the broader "State of Health in the EU" initiative, designed to support EU member states in their evidence-based policy making.
This fourth edition of Health at a Glance Asia/Pacific presents a set of key indicators of health status, the determinants of health, health care resources and utilisation, health care expenditure and financing and health care quality across 27 Asia-Pacific countries and economies. Drawing on a wide range of data sources, it builds on the format used in previous editions of Health at a Glance, and gives readers a better understanding of the factors that affect the health of populations and the performance of health systems in these countries and economies.
Each of the indicators is presented in a user-friendly format, consisting of charts illustrating variations across countries and over time, brief descriptive analyses highlighting the major findings conveyed by the data, and a methodological box on the definition of the indicator and any limitations in data comparability. An annex provides additional information on the demographic context in which health systems operate.
This edition is a joint OECD, WHO/WPRO and WHO/SEARO publication.
OECD và FAO xây dựng Hướng dẫn này để giúp các doanh nghiệp tuân thủ các tiêu chuẩn về ứng xử kinh doanh có trách nhiệm và cam kết thẩm định dọc theo chuỗi cung ứng nông sản nhằm đảm bảo rằng hoạt động của họ đóng góp vào phát triển bền vững. Hướng dẫn này bao gồm: · một chính sách mẫu của doanh nghiệp, nêu rõ các tiêu chuẩn mà doanh nghiệp cần tuân thủ để xây dựng các chuỗi cung ứng nông sản có trách nhiệm · một khuôn khổ thẩm định dựa trên rủi ro, mô tả năm (5) bước doanh nghiệp cần tuân thủ để nhận diện, đánh giá, giảm thiểu và giải trình về cách thức giải quyết các tác động bất lợi từ hoạt động của doanh nghiệp · mô tả các rủi ro chính mà doanh nghiệp phải đối mặt cùng với các biện pháp giảm thiểu những rủi ro này · hướng dẫn doanh nghiệp tiếp xúc với người dân bản địa
La mejora de los mecanismos de resolución de controversias es uno de los aspectos clave de las actuaciones e iniciativas acometidas para abordar los problemas BEPS. Las medidas desarrolladas en el marco de esta acción del Proyecto BEPS, comprendidas también en el presente informe, apuntan a minimizar los riesgos de incertidumbre y doble imposición involuntaria, velando por la aplicación coherente y adecuada de los convenios fiscales, así como por la oportuna y efectiva resolución de controversias en lo que se refiere a su interpretación o aplicación a través del procedimiento amistoso. Los distintos países han dado luz verde a cambios sustanciales en sus respectivas actitudes frente a la solución de controversias, hecho que se plasma fundamentalmente en el desarrollo de un estándar básico en lo referente a la resolución de conflictos de interpretación o aplicación de los convenios, habiéndose comprometido a su rápida aplicación y -a garantizar su efectiva implementación mediante la puesta en marcha de un sólido mecanismo de supervisión inter pares. Por otra parte, un gran número de países ha manifestado su compromiso de establecer procedimientos de resolución de controversias con carácter preceptivo y vinculante en sus convenios fiscales bilaterales, tales como el arbitraje, en tanto que mecanismo que garantiza la resolución de conflictos en la interpretación y/o aplicación de convenios en un plazo determinado.
Health workers are the cornerstone of health systems, playing a central role in providing health services to the population and improving health outcomes. The demand and supply of health workers have increased over time in all OECD countries, with jobs in the health and social sector accounting for more than 10% of total employment now in several OECD countries. This publication reviews key trends and policy priorities on health workforce across OECD countries, with a particular focus on doctors and nurses given the preeminent role that they have traditionally played in health service delivery.