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This profile provides a concise and policy-relevant overview of health and the health system in Latvia as part of the broader series of the State of Health in the EU country profiles. It provides a short synthesis of: the health status in the country; the determinants of health, focussing on behavioural risk factors; the organisation of the health system; and the effectiveness, accessibility and resilience of the health system. This edition has a special focus on the impact of COVID‑19.
This profile is the joint work of the OECD and the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, in co-operation with the European Commission.
This profile provides a concise and policy-relevant overview of health and the health system in Luxembourg as part of the broader series of the State of Health in the EU country profiles. It provides a short synthesis of: the health status in the country; the determinants of health, focussing on behavioural risk factors; the organisation of the health system; and the effectiveness, accessibility and resilience of the health system. This edition has a special focus on the impact of COVID‑19.
This profile is the joint work of the OECD and the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, in co-operation with the European Commission.
The Latin American Economic Outlook 2021: Working Together for a Better Recovery aims to analyse and provide policy recommendations for a strong, inclusive and environmentally sustainable recovery in the region. The report explores policy actions to improve social protection mechanisms and increase social inclusion, foster regional integration and strengthen industrial strategies, and rethink the social contract to restore trust and empower citizens at all stages of the policy‑making process. Moreover, it stresses the need to promote sustainable and adapted macro‑economic frameworks to finance the recovery, as well as the importance of renewing international co‑operation to support these policy actions. Finally, the publication includes three crucial cross‑cutting themes: climate change and the green recovery, the digital transformation, and gender.
The LEO is a joint annual publication produced by the OECD Development Centre, the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UN ECLAC), the Development Bank of Latin America (CAF) and the European Union (EU). It is the first pillar of the EU Regional Facility for Development in Transition for Latin America and the Caribbean.
Tras la pandemia del COVID-19, los gobiernos se enfrentan a riesgos de fraude tanto antiguos como nuevos, algunos de ellos a niveles sin precedentes, relacionados con el gasto en socorro y recuperación. Los programas de subvenciones públicas son un área de alto riesgo, en la que cualquier fraude acaba desviando el dinero de los contribuyentes de las prestaciones indispensables para los particulares y las empresas. Este informe identifica cómo la Intervención General de la Administración del Estado (IGAE) podría identificar y controlar mejor los riesgos de fraude en las subvenciones. Demuestra cómo las técnicas innovadoras de aprendizaje automático pueden ayudar a la IGAE a mejorar su evaluación de los riesgos de fraude en los datos de las subvenciones. Presenta un modelo de riesgo de trabajo, desarrollado con conjuntos de datos a disposición de la IGAE y mapea conjuntos de datos que se podrían utilizar en el futuro. El informe también considera las condiciones previas para la analítica avanzada y las evaluaciones de riesgo, incluyendo las formas en que la IGAE puede mejorar su gobernanza y gestión de datos.
La integridad pública es una condición necesaria para responder a la corrupción, mantener la confianza en las instituciones públicas y gestionar crisis como la COVID-19 de manera eficaz. Este informe analiza las responsabilidades institucionales de integridad pública en el Ecuador. Propone recomendaciones concretas para abordar la actual fragmentación institucional y crear un sistema de integridad pública que involucre a todos los actores relevantes a nivel nacional. El informe también aborda el enfoque estratégico del Ecuador en materia de integridad pública, y propone una hoja de ruta hacia una política de Estado de largo plazo que guarde coherencia con los objetivos de desarrollo nacionales e internacionales. Por último, examina cómo el Ecuador podría incorporar la integridad en las entidades públicas que conforman la función ejecutiva.
The Covid-19 pandemic has challenged regulators, health professionals, industry and the public in responding quickly, decisively and efficiently to the impact and consequences of this virus. Responses of governments to the pandemic have varied, and have been, more or less, coordinated with responses in other countries, while the virus travelled swiftly across the globe. This document describes the outcome of a survey about the lessons learned in the management of market access of biocides of interest in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Publicada por primera vez en 2017, Lucha contra los delitos fiscales – Los diez Principios Globales es la primera guía completa para combatir los delitos fiscales. Establece diez principios esenciales que abarcan los aspectos legales, institucionales, administrativos y operativos necesarios para desarrollar un sistema eficiente y eficaz de identificación, investigación y persecución de delitos fiscales, respetando los derechos de los contribuyentes acusados.
Esta segunda edición aborda nuevos desafíos, como las formas de lidiar con los profesionales que facilitan los delitos fiscales y de cuello blanco, y fomentar la cooperación internacional en la recuperación de activos. Basándose en experiencias de países de todos los continentes, el informe también destaca casos exitosos relacionados con el uso indebido de activos virtuales, investigaciones complejas que involucran equipos de trabajo conjuntos y el uso de nuevas herramientas tecnológicas para combatir delitos fiscales y otros delitos financieros.
Los Diez Principios Globales son un elemento esencial del Diálogo de Oslo de la OCDE, un "enfoque de todo el gobierno" para combatir los delitos fiscales y los flujos financieros ilícitos.
The COVID-19 crisis has amplified the many inadequacies and inequities in education systems. As the future continues to surprise us, the importance of resilience, adaptability and fairness in education will only grow. Equitable schooling means more than treating students equally and uniformly. To be truly fair and impactful, education should work to adapt to students’ differences.
The existing nuclear fleet remains the largest low-carbon source of electricity generation in OECD countries. In 2021 the average nuclear power plant had already been operating for 31 years and some 30% of reactors worldwide were already operating under long-term operation conditions. The long-term operation of this existing nuclear capacity will be essential over the next decade to keep decarbonisation targets within reach. At the same time, by keeping the long-term-operation option open, countries could also reap a wide-range of socio-economic benefits including more affordable and secure electricity supply. Nevertheless, an increasing number of reactors are being shut down earlier than expected due to policy decisions and increasing market pressures in some regions.
In light of these trends, this study takes a holistic approach to identifying the key enablers for long-term operation of nuclear power plants. The attractiveness of long-term operation lies in its technical maturity, cost-competiveness and ease of implementation: it is a high-value option to support the energy transition while minimising potential risks along the way.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) regularly conducts in-depth peer reviews of the energy policies of its member, partner and accession countries. This process supports energy policy development and encourages the exchange of international best practices and experiences.
Lithuania has made strong progress towards realising its vision of a secure, competitive, sustainable and innovative energy system in the Baltic region.
The government supported major reforms of the electricity and natural gas markets, and further integrated with the EU energy system and markets. Thanks to the expansion of renewable energy sources, notably bioenergy and wind, the carbon intensity of the power and heat sector has decreased over the past decade.
Nevertheless, emissions have been on the rise, notably in the transport sector. Lithuania will need to make energy efficiency a priority, design a strong renewable strategy, and reform energy taxes to underpin its ambitious targets. This kind of clean energy leadership can drive emissions reductions up to 2050.
In this report, the IEA provides energy policy recommendations to help Lithuania accelerate its energy transition towards its ambitious 2050 targets for climate neutrality.
Niniejszy raport zawiera ocenę zarządzania publicznego i rozwoju terytorialnego w polskich jednostkach samorządu terytorialnego (JST). Zawiera on kluczowe zalecenia dla władz na poziomie krajowym, regionalnym i lokalnym w Polsce, dotyczące sposobów wzmocnienia rozwoju i poprawy świadczenia usług oraz usprawnienia procesów zarządzania w jednostkach samorządu terytorialnego. Raport odnosi się do ośmiu kluczowych obszarów tematycznych: planowania strategicznego, koordynacji pomiędzy jednostkami administracji i politykami sektorowymi, wielopoziomowego zarządzania i potencjału inwestycyjnego, wykorzystywania wyników monitoringu i ewaluacji w procesie podejmowania decyzji, budżetowania, strategicznego zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi, otwartego rządzenia oraz polityki regulacyjnej mającej na celu zmniejszenie obciążeń administracyjnych i uproszczenie procedur zamówień publicznych. W raporcie zaproponowano klasyfikację JST w Polsce opartą na typologii OECD, w celu odzwierciedlenia funkcjonalności gospodarczej poszczególnych regionów/terytoriów, aby pomóc JST w opracowaniu bardziej efektywnej polityki rozwoju lokalnego. Narzędzie samooceny dla JST w Polsce uzupełnia raport i dostarcza kluczowych wskaźników, które pozwolą powiatom i gminom ocenić swoje mocne i słabe strony w zakresie zarządzania publicznego i praktyk rozwoju lokalnego, zaplanować, jak lepiej służyć obywatelom, wzmocnić zrównoważony rozwój lokalny i zaangażować interesariuszy w budowanie wspólnej wizji i planu działania.
Lobbying, as a way to influence and inform governments, has been part of democracy for at least two centuries, and remains a legitimate tool for influencing public policies. However, it carries risks of undue influence. Lobbying in the 21st century has also become increasingly complex, including new tools for influencing government, such as social media, and a wide range of actors, such as NGOs, think tanks and foreign governments. This report takes stock of the progress that countries have made in implementing the OECD Principles for Transparency and Integrity in Lobbying. It reflects on new challenges and risks related to the many ways special interest groups attempt to influence public policies, and reviews tools adopted by governments to effectively safeguard impartiality and fairness in the public decision-making process.
As the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (NPP) accident illustrates, many challenges have to be faced in maintaining safety over the long term in a damaged NPP following a severe accident. These comprise maintaining and monitoring a stabilised and controlled state of the damaged plant; implementing provisions against further failures; evaluating the plant damaged state from a physical and radiological standpoint and ranking related risks; preparing and achieving fuel retrieval (either fuel assemblies stored in spent fuel pools or fuel debris from damaged reactors); and managing safely plant recovery and accident waste. All these actions are to be conducted protecting plant personnel from radiation exposure.
This status report reviews knowledge and experience gained through long-term management (LTM) of the Three Mile Island, Chernobyl and Fukushima Daiichi accidents, by identifying and ranking main issues and knowledge gaps. It also reviews the existing regulations and guidance, practices, technical bases and issues considered in member countries of the Nuclear Energy Agency regarding LTM of a severely damaged nuclear site.
Finally, it proposes recommendations and areas for future investigation to enhance LTM of an NPP as regards necessary knowledge and provisions development, particularly for the optimisation of management of contaminated cooling waters.
The OECD series Making Integration Work summarises, in a non-technical way, the main issues surrounding the integration of immigrants and their children into their host countries. Each volume presents concrete policy lessons for its theme, along with supporting examples of good practices and comparisons of the migrant integration policy frameworks in different OECD countries. This fifth volume explores the issue of language learning for adult migrants, addressing methods to ensure such training is provided in an efficient and effective way, taking into account migrants’ different starting points and circumstances.
This report analyzes the labor migration trends in Asia and puts them in the context of economic and policy developments and the changes wrought by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. It examines the policy settings in the major origin and destination countries of labor migrants and the medium- and long-term factors that will shape the future of labor migration in Asia. It further provides important recommendations for building back better in a post-pandemic world.
This analysis draws partly on discussions that took place at the “10th ADBI-OECD-ILO Roundtable on Labor Migration: Future of Labor Migration in Asia: Challenges and Opportunities in the Next Decade,” held in Bangkok, Thailand, in February 2020, an annual event co-organized by the Asian Development Bank Institute, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and the International Labour Organization that brings together regional experts and policy makers. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the publication focuses on the pandemic’s impacts on labor mobility.
The report offers up-to-date comparative statistics on labor migration flows, including evidence on the impacts of COVID-19 on flows and remittances. Two statistical annexes offer detailed country fact sheets and coverage of intra-Asia and cross-regional migration flows. The report also includes discussions on the future of labor migration in the aftermath of the pandemic and the role of technology and digitalization in labor mobility and its management.
This brochure is published within the framework of the Scheme for the Application of International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables established by OECD in 1962. It comprises explanatory notes and illustrations to facilitate the uniform interpretation of the current standard for Lettuces, Curled-leaved Endives and Broad-leaved (Batavian) Endives. It demonstrates the quality parameters on high quality photographs. Thus it is a valuable tool for the inspection authorities, professional bodies and traders interested in international trade in these products. This brochure is available in electronic format only.
En el informe La Ayuda para el Comercio en síntesis 2019 se analiza la manera en que el comercio puede contribuir a la diversificación y al empoderamiento económicos, prestando especial atención a la eliminación de la pobreza extrema, en particular mediante la participación efectiva de las mujeres y los jóvenes. También se examina la manera en que la Ayuda para el Comercio puede contribuir al logro de esos objetivos abordando las limitaciones de la capacidad de oferta y de la infraestructura relacionada con el comercio, sobre todo en lo que se refiere a las microempresas y pequeñas y medianas empresas (MIPYME), y más especialmente a las MIPYME ubicadas en zonas rurales
El análisis que aquí se presenta se basa en las opiniones expresadas por los 133 países y organizaciones que han respondido al cuestionario, entre los cuales figuran 88 países en desarrollo, 35 donantes, 5 cinco proveedores Sur-Sur de ayuda relacionada con el comercio y 5 organizaciones regionales que participaron en el ejercicio de vigilancia y evaluación de la Ayuda para el Comercio de 2019. Los participantes comparten la opinión de que la diversificación de la economía es un camino que conduce al empoderamiento económico, pero también que este es esencial para la diversificación de la economía, especialmente cuando permite a los jóvenes, las mujeres y las MIPYME participar en el comercio internacional.
Subnational governments’ capacity to effectively fund and deliver public services are crucial for the realisation of the benefits of decentralisation. However, subnational capacities often suffer from significant weaknesses, ranging from inadequate assignments of own-revenues, through to flaws in tax administration, the design of intergovernmental transfers, spending assignments and various aspects of public financial management. The volume discusses how better diagnostics and more strategic reforms can contribute to easing the resource constraints on subnational governments, as well as creating appropriate incentives for these governments to improve performance. The volume includes studies of the enabling conditions for subnational capacity building in Asia, as well as focused studies of China and India's fiscal relations challenges.
The COVID-19 pandemic has shaken long-accepted beliefs about education, showing that learning can occur anywhere, at any time, and that education systems are not too heavy to move. When surveyed in May 2020, only around one-fifth of OECD education systems aimed to reinstate the status quo. Policy makers must therefore maintain the momentum of collective emergency action to drive education into a new and better normal. This Handbook provides practical guidance to support them to do just that. It presents the current state-of-play in over 40 education systems, and efforts to improve pedagogical practices in the midst of the pandemic. It proposes three key lessons and related policy pointers for the current academic term and beyond. Drawing on concrete examples of COVID-19 policy responses from primary to tertiary, as well as impactful pre-crisis policies, it addresses the policy areas of flexible learning, educator skills, and student equity. The Handbook has been prepared with evidence from the Education Policy Outlook series – the OECD’s analytical observatory of education policy. As such, it benefits from a decade of policy analysis, outcomes from the Education Policy Reform Dialogues 2020, and the development of an actionable Framework for Responsiveness and Resilience in education.
There are approximately 800,000 Indigenous Australians, which is 3.3% of Australia’s total population. Indigenous Australians are custodians of the world’s oldest living continuous culture and make a vital contribution to contemporary Australian society. Indigenous Australians are also important for the future of the national economy. For example, the amount of land with Indigenous ownership and interest has increased significantly in the last 50 years and now covers approximately half of Australia’s land mass. Indigenous Australians play an important role in the development of regional economies. Compared to the non-Indigenous population, Indigenous peoples are more likely to be located in predominantly rural regions. However, significant gaps in socio-economic outcomes with non-Indigenous Australians remain and these gaps are larger in rural regions. The report provides three key recommendations to improve economic outcomes for Indigenous Australians: improving the quality of the statistical framework and the inclusion of Indigenous peoples in the governance of data; promoting entrepreneurship to provide opportunities for Indigenous peoples to use assets and resources in ways that align with their objectives for development; and, implementing an approach to policies that is adapted to places, and empowers Indigenous institutions and communities.