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The transition towards a green economy, the rapid development of new digital technologies and cultural change are some of the forces disrupting traditional career paths, resulting in more fluid and diversified career trajectories. To benefit from increased longevity, workers will increasingly have to consider job mobility at middle and older ages, changing jobs or careers more frequently than in the past. Making successful career transitions, however, tends to be more difficult for workers at older ages due to health issues, unfamiliarity with relevant technology or a lack of recent job search experience. This may result in a mismatch between the types of jobs they want and the jobs that employers may provide. This report presents evidence on recent trends in career mobility and the consequences for individual workers in terms of pay and other job characteristics. It identifies key employer and public policies that can help facilitate career mobility that results in better employment choices at older ages. This requires overcoming discriminatory views towards older workers, improving job flexibility choices and ensuring that government policy supports voluntary career mobility.
Since 2014, the Flemish government has undertaken a series of reforms of its budgetary system, including the implementation of performance-informed budgeting, which includes both the implementation of spending reviews and performance budgeting. The aim of the reforms is to better integrate policy development and resource allocation and improve the accountability and transparency of the Flemish public sector. This report takes stock of performance-informed budgeting practices in Flanders. It provides an assessment of their key strengths and highlights where improvements can be made. Finally, it includes recommendations to further strengthen the approach to performance-informed budgeting in Flanders.
The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is one of the largest and most comprehensive comparative education studies in the world. A wide variety of countries and economies worldwide collect information on student performance, school environment, and other relevant variables using standardized, uniform procedures that assure the results are comparable and meaningful. This Technical Report has been prepared by those who implemented PISA during its 2022 cycle to provide transparency to these procedures and to the statistical and mathematical methods that underpin the comparability and validity of PISA 2022 results.
With the rise of the East Asian countries, Italian shipbuilding industry steered its rudder to a more specialized production of complex ship types, in particular cruise ships. Italian shipbuilders have responded with agility to various economic challenges which affected the shipbuilding industry and continued to expand their activities. Italy, one of the world’s leading producers of cruise and passenger ships, built 36% for cruise ships in the world between 2013 and 2022. With a strong supply chain involving local enterprises, the Italian shipbuilding industry has maintained an advanced position in shipbuilding technology, enabling it to support the domestic economy and employment.
Poland has a long and dynamic history in the shipbuilding industry. The shipbuilding industry in Poland was affected by social and political changes in the late 1980s since most of Poland’s shipyards were owned by the State. Ship completions declined following the 2008 financial crisis and the withdrawal of government subsidies to state-owned shipyards in line with the EU’s state aid rules. Poland’s market share in global ship completions peaked at 2.6% in 2000 and decreased sharply in the 2010s to reach 0.1% in 2020. Since 2009, Polish shipyards have moved from the construction of new ships to ship repair and maintenance. Gdansk Shiprepair Yard Remontowa S.A. is the largest repair shipyard in Europe. The Ministry of Infrastructure announced the Strategy for Responsible Development (SRD) for enhancing the competitiveness of Polish shipbuilding industry in 2017. The Strategy focuses on increasing research and development investments, the modernization of shipyards, and the increase of employment in the sector. As in many other economies, labour and skills shortages have become one of the main challenges for the shipbuilding industry in Poland.
Romania’s shipbuilding industry, with its roots going back to the early 1900s and a strategic location at the Black Sea and Danube River, plays an important role in the Southeast region’s economy and employment. Romanian shipyards construct a diverse set of vessel types from tugboats to navy vessels. However, the industry has seen a decline, with Romania’s EU ship completion share dropping from 21% in 2016 to just 2% by 2022. Challenges include geopolitical tensions escalating input costs. Nonetheless, opportunities lie in collaborative projects for increased innovation and supporting the green transition in the EU. Emphasizing workforce development and modernizing facilities for eco-friendly vessel construction could help rejuvenate Romania’s shipbuilding sector, further aligning it with environmental trends and technological advancements.
Denmark has a long history in marine industry. Although newbuilding activity has decreased significantly since the late 1970s, based on its long history and well-established expertise within the industry, Denmark continues to have a strong maritime value chain including marine equipment, ship design, ship repair and finance. After the closure of shipyards, the yards have been transformed into industrial innovation sites. The Danish maritime industry’s competitiveness is shaped by its historically strong value chain including marine equipment industry and its several public-private partnerships that contribute to innovations. Several partnerships support decarbonisation in the maritime sector, notably the “Green Ship of the Future” which focuses on exploring new technologies for zero-emission maritime transport and involve many partners from the maritime industry. As in many other economies, securing workforce for the maritime industry has become one of the main challenges in Denmark. To attract young talents, maritime companies and associations in Denmark develop industry-university cooperation such as private-funded research projects and internship programs.
Croatia’s strategic position along the Adriatic Sea has historically positioned it as a key player in the global shipbuilding industry. Despite a significant decline in ship production by 75% in CGT following the sector’s privatisation in 2013, in time with its accession to the EU, the industry remains significant to the country’s economy. Shipbuilding in Croatia has notably shifted towards high-quality niche markets, with a special focus on constructing yachts and polar cruise ships and growing demand for environmentally friendly vessels, including electrically powered and alternative fuel-capable vessels. Employment in Croatian shipyards has significantly decreased since privatisation and challenges in attracting and retaining skilled labour persist. The maritime sector's shift towards net-zero emissions, coupled with collaborative projects within the EU, presents opportunities for technological progress and an increased orderbook.
The Finnish maritime industry has evolved over five development waves that have made the industry innovative and technologically advanced. Finnish yards are very dependent on the global market given the relatively small size of Finland’s domestic market and the fact that only special vessels are ordered by domestic operators, such as passenger ferries, ice breakers and military ships. Finland’s shipbuilding industry is currently very active in two broad market segments: cruise/passenger ships and Arctic and specialised vessels. Finland belongs to the small circle of four European countries that construct very large cruise ships. As Finnish trade and welfare depend on exports, and as its harbours freeze in winter, the country positioned itself to be the centre of Arctic expertise with the continuous development of ice breaking and special vessels production. Finland has a wide network of companies involved in manufacturing equipment for ships, offshore and other marine activities.
This report gathers information on alternatives to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).in cosmetic products, focusing on their commercial availability, current uses, market penetration, feasibility, effectiveness, and cost. PFASs provide a wide range of functions in cosmetic products, acting as hair and skin conditioning agents, emulsifiers, stabilisers, oil and water-resistant agents, lubricants, bulking agents and/or oil-resistant surfactants. Technically and economically feasible alternatives to intentionally used PFASs in cosmetic products are widely available on the market, which implies a high substitution potential. However, substituting PFASs in cosmetics often requires the entire product reformulation to provide the same functionalities to the product, and like-for-like ‘drop-in’ replacements are unlikely to happen.
As part of the Two-Pillar Solution to Address the Tax Challenges Arising from the Digitalisation of the Economy agreed by the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS in October 2021, Amount B provides for a simplified and streamlined approach to the application of the arm’s length principle to in-country baseline marketing and distribution activities, with a particular focus on the needs of low-capacity countries. Content from the report has now been incorporated into the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines.
This report analyses the performance of public administration in Ukraine through a set of standard indicators based on the Principles of Public Administration.
The Principles set out what good public governance entails in practice and outline the main requirements to be followed by countries during the European Union (EU) integration process. They address the preconditions for a good public administration (good laws, policies, institutional capacity and procedures) and how an administration performs in practice.
In its 2014 and 2018 Enlargement Strategies, the European Commission highlighted public administration reform as one of three “fundamentals first” areas of the EU enlargement process. Given the European Council decision of December 2023 to open accession negotiations with Ukraine, this report provides data and recommendations on how Ukraine could better meet the standards set by the Principles.
The report follows up on the 2018 SIGMA Baseline Measurement Report and provides comparative information on reform successes and remaining challenges. It covers the six thematic areas of the Principles (strategic framework of public administration reform, policy development and co-ordination, public service and human resource management, accountability, service delivery and public financial management). The report provides indicator values and comparison of overall trends across the administration.
L'economia mondiale ha dimostrato di essere resiliente nel 2023, ma alcuni segnali lasciano intravedere una riduzione della crescita, sulla scia degli effetti dell'inasprimento monetario che iniziano a farsi sentire. Si prevede che la crescita globale rimarrà contenuta nel 2024 e nel 2025, con l'inflazione che tornerà all'obiettivo nella maggior parte dei Paesi entro il 2025. I principali rischi a breve termine sono rappresentati dalle tensioni geopolitiche, soprattutto se il conflitto in Medio Oriente dovesse portare a interruzioni nei mercati dell'energia, e dalle incertezze sull'entità dell'impatto a lungo termine dell'aumento dei tassi di interesse.
Secondo il presente Rapporto intermedio la politica monetaria dovrebbe rimanere prudente per garantire che l'inflazione ritorni in modo sostenibile all'obiettivo, sebbene i tassi di riferimento possano essere abbassati man mano che l'inflazione cala. I governi devono adoperarsi per garantire la sostenibilità di bilancio, anche adottando misure per ridurre le future pressioni sulla spesa. Occorrono riforme strutturali per rafforzare le basi di una crescita sostenibile, concentrandosi in via prioritaria sull'accelerazione della decarbonizzazione, sul rilancio del commercio globale e sul potenziamento dei risultati scolastici.
Il Rapporto intermedio fornisce un aggiornamento delle valutazioni riportate nelle Prospettive economiche dell'OCSE, Volume 2023, Numero 2 (n. 114).
Niniejszy profil stanowi zwięzły i ukierunkowany na politykę przegląd stanu zdrowia i systemu opieki zdrowotnej w Polsce, będący częścią szerszej serii krajowych profili zdrowotnych w ramach inicjatywy State of Health in the EU. Przedstawiono w nim zwięzłą analizę obejmującą następujące kluczowe aspekty: obecny stan zdrowia w Polsce; uwarunkowania zdrowia, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem behawioralnych czynników ryzyka; organizację polskiego systemu opieki zdrowotnej; oraz ocenę skuteczności, dostępności i odporności systemu opieki zdrowotnej. Ponadto edycja 2023 zawiera sekcję tematyczną dotyczącą stanu zdrowia psychicznego i powiązanych z nim usług w Polsce.
Niniejszy profil jest wspólnym wysiłkiem OECD i Europejskiego Obserwatorium Polityki i Systemów Opieki Zdrowotnej, realizowanym we współpracy z Komisją Europejską.
Peer reviews of competition law and policy are a valuable tool to reform and strengthen a country’s competition framework. This peer review of the Dominican Republic presents the evolution of its competition regime over the last few years and assesses the effectiveness of its current competition law and policy. It provides recommendations to help the Dominican Republic strengthen its competition regime and institutions, developed and discussed at the Peer Review examination carried out during the 2023 OECD-IDB Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum.
Este perfil providencia uma visão geral e concisa, centrada nas políticas, sobre o estado da saúde e o sistema de saúde portugueses, fazendo parte da série mais alargada de perfis de saúde nacionais da iniciativa “O Estado de Saúde na UE”. Este trabalho apresenta uma análise sucinta que engloba os seguintes aspectos fundamentais: o estado atual da saúde em Portugal; os determinantes da saúde, em particular os factores de risco comportamentais; a organização do sistema de saúde português; e uma avaliação da eficácia, acessibilidade e resiliência do sistema de saúde. Adicionalmente, a edição de 2023 apresenta uma secção temática sobre o estado da saúde mental e serviços associados em Portugal.
Este perfil resulta da colaboração entre a OCDE e o Observatório Europeu dos Sistemas e Políticas de Saúde, em cooperação com a Comissão Europeia.
Los países de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) deben adoptar una amplia y ambiciosa agenda de inversión para emprender una trayectoria de desarrollo más sólida y sostenible. La decimosexta edición de Perspectivas Económicas de América Latina propone formas para hacer realidad esta agenda mediante acciones coordinadas entre los responsables de la formulación de políticas, el sector privado y los socios internacionales. El informe sostiene que para cerrar las brechas de inversión existentes y superar los retos estructurales de la región es esencial incrementar tanto la inversión nacional como la extranjera. Estas inversiones deben actuar como catalizador de empleos de mayor calidad y optimizar la estructura productiva, aprovechando el potencial de los recursos de ALC y de las transiciones verde y digital. Es clave mejorar la gobernanza y la información para promover inversiones públicas y privadas efectivas y eficientes. Las instituciones públicas son fundamentales para alinear las inversiones con las estrategias nacionales de desarrollo y para fortalecer el contrato social. El informe presenta opciones de financiamiento para respaldar esta nueva agenda de inversión, entre las que se incluyen instrumentos de deuda innovadores y un papel renovado de las instituciones de financiamiento del desarrollo, al tiempo que destaca la importancia de revitalizar las alianzas internacionales en el marco de dicha agenda de inversión.
This report complements the "Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Alternatives in Coatings, Paints, and Varnishes (CPVs)" report (2022) which summarised the commercial availability and current uses of PFASs and non-PFAS alternatives in CPVs. This study complements the 2022 report by compiling information on the hazard profile of the substances identified (fluoropolymers, short-chain PFAS, and non-PFAS alternatives) in terms of hazard classifications from authorities and industry and available assessments from authorities on persistence, bioaccumulation, environmental and health hazards.
Managementul riscurilor de corupție este o măsură importantă pentru promovarea integrității publice în mod eficient și efectiv. Acest raport analizează metodologia actuală de management a riscurilor de corupție în cadrul administrației publice centrale din România din perspectiva domeniului intervențiilor comportamentale. După prezentarea metodologiei românești de management a riscurilor de corupție și analiza provocărilor legate de implementarea sa, raportul oferă patru căi concrete pentru asumarea și punerea în aplicare a metodologiei. Strategiile inspirate comportamental sunt concepute pentru a îmbunătăți capacitățile, oportunitățile și motivațiile oficialilor publici de a identifica riscurile de corupție, a evalua probabilitatea și impactul acestora și a proiecta măsuri de control mai eficiente.
A risk management approach is important for promoting public integrity efficiently and effectively. This report reviews the current corruption risk management methodology in the Romanian central government through the lens of behavioural science. After introducing the Romanian corruption risk management methodology and analysing the challenges related to its implementation, the report provides four concrete avenues for its adoption and implementation. Behaviourally inspired strategies are designed to improve public officials' capacities, opportunities, and motivations to identify corruption risks, assess their probability and impact, and design more effective control measures.