In a circular economy, waste and pollution are designed out, products and materials are kept in use as long as possible, and natural systems are regenerated. The city of Tallinn conceives the circular economy as a means to advance environmental goals while generating opportunities for job creation and stimulating innovation through a systems approach. As a recipient of the European Green Capital award in 2023, the city aims to reach carbon neutrality by 2050, as set out in the Tallinn 2035 city strategy and reported in the “Tallinn Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan 2030”. Efficient resources management is particularly relevant in a city like Tallinn where the population is: growing, increasing the demand for services, housing and infrastructure, not least because it houses, relative to its population, one of the highest shares of Ukrainian refugees within OECD countries; ageing, potentially bringing changes in energy consumption due to the greater use of energy such as electricity, heat and gas; and changing its structure towards increased single-person households, implying a drop in material efficiency and higher per capita levels of waste generation.