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This report provides a broad and evidence-based analytical perspective of the debate around the possible role of a Border Carbon Adjustment (BCA) to deal with climate change. The new context of divergent climate ambition has led to a resurgence of interest in BCAs. The paper provides an overview of different policy instruments that can limit carbon leakage, with a particular focus on the BCA option, and offers a technical review of the literature and of the legal specificities around BCA as well as of alternative instruments. The report also analyses the issue of fragmented climate policies in the broader perspective of the trade-climate nexus and discusses how other policy measures – especially those related to trade – can help support climate objectives (for example, reducing the existing barriers to trade in environmental goods, and removing environmentally harmful and trade distortive subsidies).
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused severe human suffering and triggered a deep recession in Brazil. Economic policies reacted in a timely and decisive manner to the crisis, supporting millions of Brazilians. But a strong and inclusive recovery from the recession will require long-lasting improvements in economic policies. Improving fiscal outcomes remains one of Brazil’s principal challenges given a high debt burden, to which the pandemic has added significantly. Public spending will need to become more efficient, including by building on past progress in the fight against corruption and economic crimes. Social protection can be strengthened through a better focus on the most effective policies and benefits, which could allow significant reductions in inequality and poverty. Stronger growth will hinge on raising productivity, which has been virtually stagnant for decades. This requires addressing underlying policy challenges, including reducing regulatory burdens, reforming taxes, strengthening judicial efficiency and fostering a stronger integration into the global economy. Raising productivity implies reallocations and structural changes in the economy, which should be accompanied by well-designed training and education policies. Training with a strong focus on local skill demand can help workers master the transition and seize new opportunities to move into better jobs.
SPECIAL FEATURES: BOOSTING PRODUCTIVITY; SKILLS POLICIES TO FACILITATE STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT
Thailand has made impressive economic and social progress over several decades. However, the COVID-19 crisis has interrupted this progress. Thanks to its sound macroeconomic policy framework, Thailand was well placed to respond rapidly to the sharp economic downturn. Nevertheless, achieving high-income country status will require, in addition to a strong recovery programme, a set of policy reforms focused on productivity growth and human capital accumulation. Thailand has made remarkable progress in expanding access to education, and the share of highly educated workers has increased significantly. Nevertheless, because of skills mismatches, substantial labour shortages have prevailed in a range of occupations and industries, which makes it important to improve vocational education and adult training programmes. As the demand for services has become important globally, Thailand has an opportunity to boost its exports of services, diversify its economic activity, and therefore become more resilient in the face of unexpected shocks. This would involve a focus on digital services and business-to-business services, which represent a large share of the value of manufacturing products. Focus on human capital, skills, digital technology, and high-value services would help Thailand resume strong economic growth and social progress after the COVID-19 crisis.
SPECIAL FEATURES: HUMAN CAPITAL; TRADE IN SERVICES
The Dominican Republic, though the fastest-growing economy in Latin America and the Caribbean since 2010, cannot afford complacency. The COVID-19 crisis may accelerate existing global trends that created the need for reforms addressing structural weaknesses that lurked beneath the surface well before the pandemic. The current situation demands an unpreceded policy effort to ensure a prompt and effective health response, and to guarantee short-term support for workers and firms. The enduring challenge will be updating the country’s development model through targeted reforms. The Production Transformation Policy Review (PTPR) of the Dominican Republic identifies priority reforms to update the national strategy, with perspectives on agro-food and nearshoring. It benefitted from peer review from the United States Reshoring Institute and the Ministry of Agriculture of Brazil.
L'OCDE s'efforce de trouver des solutions fondées sur des données probantes à toute une série de défis sociaux, économiques et environnementaux, en promouvant "Des politiques meilleures pour une vie meilleure". La propagation mondiale du coronavirus en 2020 a rendu l'engagement au service de cet objectif d'autant plus pertinent. Cette édition du Rapport du Secrétaire général de l'OCDE aux ministres présente les principales réalisations de l'OCDE en 2019. Elle décrit les travaux de l'OCDE sur l'économie, l'emploi, l'éducation, la santé, les inégalités, l'environnement, la fiscalité et bien d’autres domaines, dans le contexte d’un monde en rapide évolution. Ce rapport présente également les activités du Secrétaire général et de son bureau, ainsi que celles des directions, agences, entités spéciales et comités consultatifs de l'OCDE.
L’OCDE constitue au niveau mondial l’une des sources les plus importantes et les plus fiables de recherche et de données statistiques comparables. C’est aussi un forum et un pôle de connaissances sans équivalent pour l’échange d’expériences, le partage de bonnes pratiques et la formulation de conseils sur les politiques publiques et l’élaboration de normes de référence au niveau mondial. Cette année marquera le 60e anniversaire de l’Organisation : ce sera l'occasion de nous retourner sur le passé et d’élaborer une vision pour l'avenir. Plus que jamais, nous avons besoin de politiques fondées sur des données probantes pour construire des sociétés et des économies qui soient plus résilientes, plus inclusives et plus durables.
The OECD works on finding evidence-based solutions to a range of social, economic and environmental challenges, promoting “Better Policies for Better Lives”. The global spread of coronavirus in 2020 has made the commitment to this motto all the more relevant. This edition of the OECD Secretary-General's Report to Ministers outlines the main achievements of the OECD in 2019. It describes the OECD’s work on economics, employment, education, health, inequalities, the environment, tax and many other fields in the context of a rapidly changing world. It includes the activities of the Secretary-General and his office, as well as those of OECD directorates, agencies, special entities and advisory committees.
The OECD is one of the world’s largest and most trusted sources of comparable statistical data and research. It is also a unique forum and knowledge hub for exchange of experiences, best-practice sharing, and advice on public policies and global standard-setting. This year will mark the 60th anniversary of the Organisation, and this will be the opportunity to reflect on the past, and develop a vision for the future. More than ever, we need evidence-based policies geared towards building societies and economies that are more resilient, inclusive and sustainable.
Quais são as principais tendências económicas e sociais em África? Qual o papel de África na globalização? Este relatório anual revela uma África aberta ao mundo e ao futuro. Dinâmicas do desenvolvimento em África usa as lições de cinco regiões africanas – África Central, África Oriental, Norte de África, África Austral e África Ocidental – para desenvolver recomendações e partilhar boas práticas. O relatório identifica políticas inovadoras e oferece recomendações práticas, adaptadas às especificidades das economias africanas. Com base nas estatísticas mais recentes, esta análise das dinâmicas de desenvolvimento visa ajudar os líderes africanos a cumprirem as metas da Agenda 2063 da União Africana a todos os níveis: continental, regional, nacional e local. Cada edição anual deste relatório centra-se num tema estratégico.
A edição de 2019 explora as políticas de apoio à transformação produtiva identificando três áreas principais para a transformação das empresas: a prestação de serviços empresariais a grupos de empresas; o desenvolvimento de redes regionais de produção; e a melhoria da capacidade de crescimento das empresas exportadoras em mercados em rápida transformação.
Les perspectives des transports FIT donnent un aperçu des tendances récentes et des perspectives à court terme du secteur des transports au niveau mondial ainsi que des perspectives à long terme des demandes de transport jusqu'en 2050. L'analyse comprend le transport de marchandises (maritime, aérien et de surface) et de passagers (voiture, rail, air) ainsi que les émissions de CO2.
Cette édition examine les impacts de perturbations potentielles des systèmes de transport. Il explore également des scénarios de politiques publiques alternatives pour les tendances à long terme de la demande de transport et des émissions de CO2 de tous les modes de transport de marchandises et de passagers.
მცირე და საშუალო სიდიდის საწარმოები (მსს) მნიშვნელოვან როლს თამაშობენ საქართველოსეკონომიკაში. მსს-ბზე მოდის დასაქმებულთა 67% დამთლიანი დამატებული ღირებულების დაახლოებით 62%. თუმცა, ცალკე აღებული მსს-ს ზემოქმედებისკვალი გარემოზე შესაძლოა შეუმჩნეველი იყოს, მაგრამ ერთობლივად - ბევრი მიმართულებითაჭარბებს დიდი ბიზნესების მიერ გარემოზეზემოქმედების ხარისხს.
კომერციულ ბანკებს მნიშვნელოვანი როლისშესრულება შეუძლიათ მწვანე ფინანსებზე წვდომისუზრუნველყოფაში, განსაკუთრებით მსს-ებისთვის.წინამდებარე ანგარიში წარმოადგენსსაქართველოში მწვანე სესხების მსს-ებზე გაცემისგამოცდილების მიმოიხილავს. ანალიზის შედეგად მოხდა იმ მთავარი გამოწვევების იდენტიფიცირება, რაც დაკავშირებულია მსს-ზე მწვანე პროექტებისთვის სესხების გაცემასთან და განხილულია ამ გამოწვევების დაძლევის შესაძლო გზები. კერძოდ, ანგარიშში ყურადღებითაა შესწავლილი მთავრობისა და იმ პოლიტიკური ინსტრუმენტების როლო, რომელიც მას შეუძლია გამოიყენოს მსს-ის სექტორში მწვანე სესხები მიმართ მაღალი მოთხოვნის სტიმულირებისათვის.
This report, one in a series of studies by the OECD and the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO), enhances understanding of the issues and challenges facing governments, businesses and society posed by the trade in fake pharmaceutical products. Illicit markets for fake pharmaceuticals are attractive for counterfeiters, given the high profit margins, low risks of detection and prosecution, weak penalties, and the ease with which consumers can be deceived into believing that the counterfeit products are genuine. Counterfeit medicines not only cause economic damage for the sector, but are also a significant threat to public health, since fake medicines are often not properly formulated and may contain dangerous ingredients. Fake pharmaceuticals include antibiotics, lifestyle treatments, pain killers, anti-malarial drugs, diabetes treatments and central nervous system medicines.
Le rapport Objectif croissance, dont la version complète est actualisée tous les deux ans, est consacré aux réformes structurelles jugées prioritaires pour rehausser les revenus dans les pays de l'OCDE et dans certaines économies non membres de l'Organisation (l'Afrique du Sud, l'Argentine, le Brésil, la Colombie, le Costa Rica, la Fédération de Russie, l'Inde, l'Indonésie et la République populaire de Chine). La sélection des priorités et le suivi des mesures de réforme s'appuient sur des indicateurs comparables au niveau international, qui permettent aux pays d'évaluer leurs performances économiques et leurs politiques structurelles dans un large éventail de domaines. Outre des recommandations précises correspondant aux priorités action identifiées, ainsi qu'une description des suites éventuelles données aux recommandations antérieures ces dernières années, le rapport contient des notes par pays et, depuis 2017, met l'accent sur la croissance inclusive. L'édition 2019 du rapport inclut également un chapitre spécial sur les trains de réformes qui stimulent la croissance tout en assurant la durabilité environnementale, ce qui constitue un nouveau prolongement du cadre d'Objectif croissance.
This OECD publication includes statistics by detailed type of service on international trade in services for the 36 OECD countries, the European Union, the Euro area, Colombia and the Russian Federation as well as links to definitions and methodological notes. The data are reported within the framework of the fifth and sixth editions of the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual and the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification (EBOPS), which is consistent with the balance of payments classification but is more detailed.
This book includes summary tables by country and by service category and zone totals for the European Union and the Euro area as well as tables for each individual country and for the EU and the Euro area showing data for detailed service categories. Series are shown in US dollars and cover the period 2014-2018.
This OECD publication provides statistics on international trade in services by partner country for 34 OECD countries plus the European Union, the Euro area and the Russian Federation as well as links to definitions and methodological notes. The data concern trade between residents and non-residents of countries and are reported within the framework of the Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services.
This book includes summary tables of trade patterns listing the main trading partners for each country and by broad service category. Series are shown in US dollars and cover the period 2014-2018.
Les informations contenues dans cette publication rassemblent les statistiques sur les échanges internationaux par catégories détaillées de services pour les 36 pays de l’OCDE, l’Union européenne, la zone euro, la Colombie et la Fédération de Russie, ainsi que des liens vers des définitions et des notes méthodologiques. Les données sont fournies et publiées selon la cinquième et la sixième édition du Manuel de la balance des paiements du FMI et la Classification élargie des services de la balance des paiements, qui est compatible avec la classification de la balance des paiements tout en étant plus détaillée.
Cet ouvrage inclut des tableaux récapitulatifs par pays et par catégories de service, et des totaux par zone pour l’Union européenne et la zone euro. Les données par catégories détaillées de services sont également fournies pour chaque pays, pour l’UE et pour la zone euro. Les séries sont exprimées en dollars des États-Unis et couvrent la période 2017-2018.
Cette publication rassemble les statistiques sur les échanges internationaux présentés par pays partenaires pour 34 pays de l’OCDE, l’Union européenne, la zone euro et la Fédération de Russie, ainsi que des liens vers des définitions et des notes méthodologiques. Les données se réfèrent aux échanges entre résidents et non-résidents et sont présentées selon les recommandations du Manuel des statistiques du commerce international des services.
Ce volume inclut des tableaux récapitulatifs par pays partenaires et par principales catégories de services. Les séries sont exprimées en dollars des États-Unis et couvrent la période 2014-2018.
Environment at a Glance 2020 presents a digest of major environmental trends in areas such as climate change, biodiversity, water resources, air quality and circular economy. Analysis is based on indicators from the OECD Core Set of Environmental Indicators – a tool to evaluate environmental performance and to track the course towards sustainable development. The report uses the latest comparable data received from OECD members and compiled from other international sources.