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This report identifies the success factors for accessibility-based approaches to transport project appraisal. It explores the role of cost-benefit analysis as an appraisal tool and how it could better address distributional issues. Finally, it reviews the case for aligning accessibility metrics more closely with policy objectives and how they can be communicated via accessibility mapping.
Transport connects people, places and cities. Investment in transport infrastructure therefore helps bridging economic and social divides. It promotes economic growth and catching up of regions by providing access to jobs for workers and markets for firms. This report summarises evidence on the benefits of transport investment for economic growth and job creation and thereby for catching up in OECD regions. Beyond economic divides, the report consider inequality in access to opportunities using the EC-ITF-OECD Urban Access Framework. It considers how transport can bridge social divides by taking a closer look at accessibility within OECD cities (functional urban areas). Cities differ greatly in their ability to provide inclusive access to opportunities across more affluent and poorer neighbourhoods. To bridge divides, the report highlights the need to go beyond transport infrastructure investment and consider wider urban planning, as well as complementary measures in regions.
Non-exhaust emissions of particulate matter constitute a little-known but rising share of emissions from road traffic and have significant negative impacts on public health. This report synthesizes the current state of knowledge about the nature, causes, and consequences of non-exhaust particulate emissions. It also projects how particulate matter emissions from non-exhaust sources may evolve in future years and reflects on policy instrument mixes that can address this largely ignored environmental issue.
Le Luxembourg a progressé dans le découplage des pressions environnementales de la croissance économique, dans l’épuration des eaux usées et dans la gestion des déchets et des matières. Il s’est aussi placé comme un centre international de la finance verte. Mais il demeure l'une des économies à plus haute intensité carbone et matière de l'OCDE. Le pays est un carrefour pour le trafic de marchandises et attire quotidiennement des milliers de navetteurs transfrontaliers. Cela exacerbe les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, la pollution de l’air et la congestion routière. L'étalement urbain, la fragmentation des paysages et l'agriculture exercent de fortes pressions sur la biodiversité.
Pour orienter son économie vers un modèle plus vert, le Luxembourg s’est fixé des objectifs environnementaux ambitieux. Verdir la fiscalité, donner des signaux de prix plus forts, encourager l’éco-innovation et l’économie circulaire, intégrer la biodiversité dans toutes les politiques, et investir dans des infrastructures bas-carbone et la mobilité durable, devraient être des priorités.
Ce rapport est le troisième Examen environnemental du Luxembourg. Il évalue les performances en matière de croissance verte et de développement durable, avec des chapitres spéciaux sur deux enjeux majeurs : la qualité de l’air et la mobilité, et la biodiversité.
Luxembourg has made progress in decoupling environmental pressures from economic growth, treating wastewater and managing waste and materials. It has also positioned itself as an international centre for green finance. Yet, it remains one of the most carbon- and material-intensive economies in the OECD. The country is a crossroads for freight traffic and attracts thousands of daily cross-border commuters. This exacerbates greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution and road congestion. Urban sprawl, landscape fragmentation and agriculture exert strong pressures on biodiversity.
To steer its economy towards a greener model, Luxembourg has set ambitious environmental objectives. Greening taxation, providing stronger price signals, promoting eco-innovation and the circular economy, mainstreaming biodiversity into all policies, and investing in low-carbon infrastructure and sustainable mobility, should be priorities.
This is the third Environmental Performance Review of Luxembourg. It evaluates progress towards green growth and sustainable development, with special chapters focusing on two major issues: air quality and mobility, and biodiversity.
The Road Safety Annual Report 2020 provides an overview of road safety performance for the 42 countries participating in the International Transport Forum’s permanent working group on road safety, known as the IRTAD Group. Based on the latest data, the report describes recent road safety developments in these countries and compares their performance against the main road safety indicators.
This report examines the difference in which public transport planning is undertaken and services are delivered. The report focuses primarily on urban public transport markets, with some consideration given to intercity markets. Case studies and examples address bus, tram, metro and urban or regional rail. It discusses how well different models of transport organisation deliver value for money, encourage and harness innovation, and help systems prepare for the challenges and opportunities on the horizon. Recommendations highlight the key main factors for successful reform of public transport systems.
This report analyses the actions necessary in the near and medium term to reduce Israel’s GHG emissions in three sectors– electricity, residential and transport, for which specific policy recommendations are developed. The report will serve as input to the roadmap that will be developed to support the country’s long-term low-emission strategy (LT-LEDS). The report adopts a “well-being lens” that aims to integrate climate action and broader societal priorities, such as affordable housing, better accessibility to jobs, services and opportunities, and improved health. Such an approach can make climate policies both easier to implement politically, economically and socially, as well as more cost-effective. Particular attention is given to avoiding locking in unsustainable development pathways that would impede the achievement of net-zero carbon dioxide emissions in the second half of the century. In addition to the range of sector specific recommendations, a key recommendation for Israel is to enshrine the vision and targets of its LT-LEDS in national legislation, once developed and agreed. While written before the COVID-19 crisis, this report can also inform decisions on Israel’s recovery from the crisis, helping to avoid actions that would lock-in “inferior” carbon-intensive paradigms and entrench inequalities or reduce quality of life more broadly.
В настоящем отчете анализируются планируемые инфраструктурные проекты, основы принятия решений относительно развития инфраструктуры и документы по вопросам стратегического планирования, существующие в восьми странах Центральной Азии и Кавказа: Азербайджане, Грузии, Казахстане, Кыргызской Республике, Монголии, Таджикистане, Туркменистане и Узбекистане. В нем проводится сопоставление текущих инвестиционных потоков с национальными целями в области развития стран для указания несоответствий между ними и предоставляются рекомендации директивным органам для более полной интеграции проблем, связанных с изменением климата, и прочих экологических вопросов в процессы принятия решений относительно развития инфраструктуры. В отчете представлен комплексный обзор инфраструктурных инвестиций, в основном в сфере транспорта и энергетике, осуществляемых в регионе, а также указаны риски и возможности, связанные с нынешними тенденциями в области инвестиций.
L'OCDE s'efforce de trouver des solutions fondées sur des données probantes à toute une série de défis sociaux, économiques et environnementaux, en promouvant "Des politiques meilleures pour une vie meilleure". La propagation mondiale du coronavirus en 2020 a rendu l'engagement au service de cet objectif d'autant plus pertinent. Cette édition du Rapport du Secrétaire général de l'OCDE aux ministres présente les principales réalisations de l'OCDE en 2019. Elle décrit les travaux de l'OCDE sur l'économie, l'emploi, l'éducation, la santé, les inégalités, l'environnement, la fiscalité et bien d’autres domaines, dans le contexte d’un monde en rapide évolution. Ce rapport présente également les activités du Secrétaire général et de son bureau, ainsi que celles des directions, agences, entités spéciales et comités consultatifs de l'OCDE.
L’OCDE constitue au niveau mondial l’une des sources les plus importantes et les plus fiables de recherche et de données statistiques comparables. C’est aussi un forum et un pôle de connaissances sans équivalent pour l’échange d’expériences, le partage de bonnes pratiques et la formulation de conseils sur les politiques publiques et l’élaboration de normes de référence au niveau mondial. Cette année marquera le 60e anniversaire de l’Organisation : ce sera l'occasion de nous retourner sur le passé et d’élaborer une vision pour l'avenir. Plus que jamais, nous avons besoin de politiques fondées sur des données probantes pour construire des sociétés et des économies qui soient plus résilientes, plus inclusives et plus durables.
The OECD works on finding evidence-based solutions to a range of social, economic and environmental challenges, promoting “Better Policies for Better Lives”. The global spread of coronavirus in 2020 has made the commitment to this motto all the more relevant. This edition of the OECD Secretary-General's Report to Ministers outlines the main achievements of the OECD in 2019. It describes the OECD’s work on economics, employment, education, health, inequalities, the environment, tax and many other fields in the context of a rapidly changing world. It includes the activities of the Secretary-General and his office, as well as those of OECD directorates, agencies, special entities and advisory committees.
The OECD is one of the world’s largest and most trusted sources of comparable statistical data and research. It is also a unique forum and knowledge hub for exchange of experiences, best-practice sharing, and advice on public policies and global standard-setting. This year will mark the 60th anniversary of the Organisation, and this will be the opportunity to reflect on the past, and develop a vision for the future. More than ever, we need evidence-based policies geared towards building societies and economies that are more resilient, inclusive and sustainable.
The report presents an in-depth analysis of various policies that aim to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of urban transport. Decarbonising transport lies at the core of efforts to mitigate climate change and has close links to urban sustainability and housing affordability. The report identifies the drivers of rising emissions in the urban transport sector and offers pathways to reduce them through a combination of transport and land use policies. The analysis yields a holistic welfare evaluation of these policies, assessing them according to their environmental effectiveness, their economic efficiency and their impact on fiscal balance and housing affordability. The report concludes that significant reductions in emissions from urban transport can be achieved through a careful alignment of transport policies designed to promote the use of public transit and electric vehicles, and land use policies, which foster a more compact urban form. The study is based on the case of Auckland, New Zealand but the lessons drawn are relevant for institutions and governments working on issues relating to urban sustainability, transport, housing and climate change mitigation.
Quais são as principais tendências económicas e sociais em África? Qual o papel de África na globalização? Este relatório anual revela uma África aberta ao mundo e ao futuro. Dinâmicas do desenvolvimento em África usa as lições de cinco regiões africanas – África Central, África Oriental, Norte de África, África Austral e África Ocidental – para desenvolver recomendações e partilhar boas práticas. O relatório identifica políticas inovadoras e oferece recomendações práticas, adaptadas às especificidades das economias africanas. Com base nas estatísticas mais recentes, esta análise das dinâmicas de desenvolvimento visa ajudar os líderes africanos a cumprirem as metas da Agenda 2063 da União Africana a todos os níveis: continental, regional, nacional e local. Cada edição anual deste relatório centra-se num tema estratégico.
A edição de 2019 explora as políticas de apoio à transformação produtiva identificando três áreas principais para a transformação das empresas: a prestação de serviços empresariais a grupos de empresas; o desenvolvimento de redes regionais de produção; e a melhoria da capacidade de crescimento das empresas exportadoras em mercados em rápida transformação.
This report reviews possible determinants of global maritime goods transport over the coming decades. It addresses the uncertainties that surround the future of maritime trade flows such as the development of demand, the costs of environmental regulation, maritime business strategies, the Belt and Road Initiative, and Arctic shipping. The report summarises discussions of an ITF Roundtable held in Paris, France in April 2019.
Les perspectives des transports FIT donnent un aperçu des tendances récentes et des perspectives à court terme du secteur des transports au niveau mondial ainsi que des perspectives à long terme des demandes de transport jusqu'en 2050. L'analyse comprend le transport de marchandises (maritime, aérien et de surface) et de passagers (voiture, rail, air) ainsi que les émissions de CO2.
Cette édition examine les impacts de perturbations potentielles des systèmes de transport. Il explore également des scénarios de politiques publiques alternatives pour les tendances à long terme de la demande de transport et des émissions de CO2 de tous les modes de transport de marchandises et de passagers.
El reporte ofrece una descripción y una evaluación de las acciones llevadas a cabo recientemente por el gobierno mexicano para mejorar la calidad de la regulación y la gobernanza regulatoria en el sector ferroviario en México. En particular, el reporte identifica y describe reformas regulatorias recientes en el sector ferroviario, el progreso en la implementación de las recomendaciones de la OCDE emitidas en el 2017 en relación con la regulación ferroviaria; las reformas que condujeron a la creación de la Agencia Reguladora del Transporte Ferroviario, así como sus atribuciones legales. Además, documenta las prácticas regulatorias actuales de la Agencia. Las reformas y prácticas fueron evaluadas con base en los principios de la OCDE y las experiencias de los países. Finalmente, el reporte ofrece recomendaciones para continuar los esfuerzos de reforma.
Le Glossaire des statistiques de transport a été publié pour la première fois en 1994 afin d’aider les pays membres dans la collecte de données sur le transport effectuée au moyen du Questionnaire commun mis au point par la CEE-ONU, le FIT et Eurostat. Depuis lors, il a évolué pour couvrir tous les domaines des statistiques de transport.
Cette cinquième édition est le résultat de la bonne coopération entre ces trois organisations qui, grâce à un Groupe de travail intersecrétariat (IWG.Trans), poursuivent l’effort d’harmonisation des statistiques de transport aux niveaux européen et international. L’IWG a apporté une contribution appréciable en ce qui concerne les définitions manquantes, la terminologie désuète ainsi que les définitions qui nécessitaient une reformulation ou une clarification, une révision et une illustration.
Cette nouvelle cinquième édition du Glossaire comprend 744 définitions et constitue un document de référence pour toutes les personnes concernées par les statistiques de transport. En suivant l’orientation exprimée dans ces définitions, il sera possible d’améliorer considérablement la qualité et la comparabilité des données.
The Glossary for transport statistics was published for the first time in 1994 with the purpose of assisting member countries during the collection of data on transport using the Common Questionnaire developed by the UNECE, the International Transport Forum and Eurostat. It has since evolved to cover all areas of transport statistics.
The present fifth edition is the result of continuing valuable cooperation between the three organisations, that – through the action of the Intersecretariat Working Group (IWG. Trans.) – has put a sustained effort into harmonizing transport statistics at the European and international level. The IWG provided valuable input with respect to missing definitions, terminology that is outdated, as well as definitions that should be reformulated or clarified, revised and illustrated.
The new 5th edition of the Glossary comprises 744 definitions and represents a point of reference for all those involved in transport statistics. By following the guidance contained within these definitions, a considerable contribution will be given to the improvement in both the quality and comparability of the data.
As “market referees”, regulators contribute to the delivery of essential public utilities. Their organisational culture, behaviour and governance are important factors in how they, and the sectors they oversee, perform. The report uses the OECD Performance Assessment Framework for Economic Regulators to assess both the internal and external governance of Peru's Transport Infrastructure Regulator (OSITRAN). The review discusses OSITRAN's good practices, analyses the key drivers of its performance, and proposes an integrated reform package to help the regulator prepare for the future.
Como “árbitros de mercado”, los reguladores económicos contribuyen con la prestación de servicios públicos esenciales. Su cultura organizacional, comportamiento y gobernanza, son factores importantes para determinar su desempeño y el de los sectores regulados. Este informe aplica el Marco para la Evaluación del Desempeño de los Reguladores Económicos de la OCDE (PAFER, por sus siglas en inglés), para evaluar tanto la gobernanza interna como externa del Organismo Supervisor de la Inversión en Infraestructura de Transporte de Uso Público de Perú (OSITRAN). El reporte identifica las buenas prácticas del OSITRAN, analiza los factores clave de su desempeño, y propone una reforma integral para ayudar al regulador a prepararse para el futuro.