Browse by: "2017"
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Understanding Financial Accounts seeks to show how a range of questions on financial developments can be answered with the framework of financial accounts and balance sheets, by providing non-technical explanations illustrated with practical examples: What are the basic principles, concepts and definitions used for this framework which is part of the system of national accounts? What sources and which methodologies are used for their compilation? How are these used to monitor and analyse economic and financial developments? What can we learn about the 2007-2009 economic and financial crisis when looking at the numbers provided in this framework? What can we learn about financial risks and vulnerabilities? This publication is intended for young statisticians, students, journalists, economists, policy makers and citizens, who want to know more about the statistics that are at the heart of the analysis of financial developments in OECD economies.
Les Comptes nationaux des pays de l'OCDE, Tableaux Détaillés fournissent, en plus des principaux agrégats, des comptes nationaux détaillés pour les dépenses de consommation finale des ménages par fonction, les comptes simplifiés des trois principaux secteurs : administrations publiques, sociétés et ménages. Les données sont montrées pour 35 pays de l'OCDE et la Zone euro depuis 2007. Les données sont exprimées en monnaie nationale. Les données sont basées sur le Système de Comptabilité Nationale de 2008 (SCN 2008) pour tous les pays.
Cette publication est également disponible sous forme de base de données en ligne qui permet aux utilisateurs d’extraire des données et de construire des tableaux et graphiques. Elle est disponible via www.oecd-ilibrary.org sous le titre Statistiques de l'OCDE sur les comptes nationaux (http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/na-data-fr).
The National Accounts of OECD Countries, Detailed Tables includes, in addition to main aggregates including GDP, final consumption expenditure of households by purpose, simplified accounts for three main sectors: general government, corporations and households. Data are shown for 35 OECD countries and the Euro area back to 2007. Country tables are expressed in national currency. Data are based on the System of National Accounts 2008 (2008 SNA) for all countries.
The data in this publication are also available on line via www.oecd-ilibrary.org under the title OECD National Accounts Statistics (http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/na-data-en).
Since joining the OECD in 1996, Korea has made impressive progress in raising living standards. Over 1996-2016, the country closed the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita gap with the OECD average by 26 percentage points. Vibrant exports underpinned strong economic growth, with Korea becoming the eighth largest exporter in the world. The country’s focus on innovation (its R&D spending is the second highest in the OECD) combined with its highly skilled population (it is among the top performers in the OECD’s Programme of International Student Assessment) supported this success. However, the convergence of Korea’s living standards to those in the most advanced countries has stalled in recent years. Output growth has slowed from 4.4% annually over 2001-10 to 2.8% since 2011. The country faces strong competition from emerging economies, notably the People’s Republic of China in low- and medium-end markets, and with advanced economies in high-end markets. This makes it more difficult for Korea to further expand its global market share.
Since joining the OECD in 1996, Korea has made impressive progress in raising living standards. Over 1996-2016, the country closed the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita gap with the OECD average by 26 percentage points. Vibrant exports underpinned strong economic growth, with Korea becoming the eighth largest exporter in the world. The country’s focus on innovation (its R&D spending is the second highest in the OECD) combined with its highly skilled population (it is among the top performers in the OECD’s Programme of International Student Assessment) supported this success. However, the convergence of Korea’s living standards to those in the most advanced countries has stalled in recent years. Output growth has slowed from 4.4% annually over 2001-10 to 2.8% since 2011. The country faces strong competition from emerging economies, notably the People’s Republic of China in low- and medium-end markets, and with advanced economies in high-end markets. This makes it more difficult for Korea to further expand its global market share.
After a good performance until 2016, growth slowed in the first half of 2017. The unemployment rate has fallen to below 4.5%, but real wages are in a downward trend. Planned Brexit has raised uncertainty and dented business investment. Negotiating the closest possible EU-UK economic relationship would limit the cost of exit. The authorities should allow automatic stabilisers to work and identify in advance productivity-enhancing fiscal initiatives on investment, to be implemented rapidly were growth to weaken significantly in the run-up to Brexit, while safeguarding fiscal sustainability. Comprehensive policy packages should boost the productivity of lagging regions and cities, which requires local transport investments to foster connectivity, spending on research and development to raise innovation, housing investments to ease the matching of skills to jobs, and greater educational attainment and training tailored to business needs. Enhancing teachers’ training and other incentives, in particular in disadvantaged schools, would address teacher shortages and improve skills. Low-skilled workers participate less in lifelong learning and introducing targeted re-training programmes would boost competencies more broadly. Tax and regulatory reforms of non-standard forms of employment would offset workers’ weaker bargaining power and ensure better job quality.
SPECIAL FEATURES: REGIONAL PRODUCTIVITY; PRODUCTIVITY OF LOW-SKILLED WORKERS
The biennial OECD Digital Economy Outlook examines and documents evolutions and emerging opportunities and challenges in the digital economy. It highlights how OECD countries and partner economies are taking advantage of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the Internet to meet their public policy objectives. Through comparative evidence, it informs policy makers of regulatory practices and policy options to help maximise the potential of the digital economy as a driver for innovation and inclusive growth.
L’objet de ce rapport est d’exposer plusieurs des progrès récemment accomplis dans la mesure et l’analyse des avantages économiques des transports et de mettre en relief les méthodes les plus prometteuses. Sous l’effet conjugué de la sophistication des chaînes logistiques modernes et de la tertiarisation, les décideurs s’intéressent de plus en plus aux avantages économiques des transports au-delà de ceux traditionnellement considérés. L’évolution des méthodes d’évaluation et leur application dans l’aide à la décision rendent nécessaire de dresser un état des lieux dans deux domaines en particulier : les avantages liés à la fiabilité des transports et les effets économiques plus larges de l’évolution de la situation dans les transports.
The publication is produced by the OECD-Eurostat Entrepreneurship Indicators Programme based on official statistics. The 2017 edition features a new trends chapter, which also introduces recent developments related to the emergence of the "gig economy" and the use of digital tools by micro-enterprises.
This report contributes to the discussion of interconnections between scarce resources by highlighting the nexus between land, water and energy (the LWE nexus). It focuses on a dynamic, integrated, and disaggregated analysis of how land, water and energy interact in the biophysical and economic systems. The report provides projections for the biophysical and economic consequences of nexus bottlenecks until 2060, highlighting that while the LWE nexus is essentially local, there can be significant large-scale repercussions in vulnerable regions, notably on forest cover and in terms of food and water security.
The analysis is based on coupling a gridded biophysical systems model with a multi-regional, multi-sectoral dynamic general equilibrium modelling assessment. Numerical insights are provided by investigating a carefully selected set of scenarios that are designed to illustrate the key bottlenecks: one scenario for each resource bottleneck, plus two scenarios that combine all bottlenecks, with and without an overlay of climate change.
This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the challenges confronting Chile’s centralised growth model and recommendations towards developing a more integrated territorial approach, capable of mobilising regional productivity catch-up potential in order to strengthen the role of regions and municipalities.
The Chilean government has launched an ambitious decentralisation agenda, aimed at empowering municipalities by providing them with the legitimacy, financial resources, human capacities and tools required to improve their autonomy and performance. This study seeks to assist the government by covering several dimensions, looking at municipal responsibilities, fiscal and human resources, equalisation mechanisms, local public service performance, citizen participation, and co-ordination mechanisms across levels of government.
The Estonian economy displays numerous strengths, including an excellent business environment, high educational attainment, and solid public finances. However, around a quarter of the population is still at risk of poverty and productivity growth has slowed down. Fiscal room should be used to make growth stronger and more inclusive.
Estonia is well integrated into global trade, and export potential and value-added drawn from trade can improve further. Efforts should concentrate on strengthening adult education, immigration of talents, and cooperation between businesses and researchers.
Investment has weakened, particularly in projects required to increase business productivity. Addressing skill shortages and inefficiencies in the insolvency regime can help raise firms’ investment capacity. Improving the quality of infrastructure projects and developing green investment further is a priority.
SPECIAL FEATURES: GETTING THE MOST OUT OF TRADE; REVIVING INVESTMENT
Latvia’s economy has grown robustly in recent years on the back of a strong track record in implementing structural reforms, despite a challenging international environment. Rising wages have supported household consumption. After a severe setback in 2008-09, catch-up with higher income OECD countries may have resumed. Government finances are solid and financial market confidence in Latvia is strong. Private sector indebtedness is now lower than in many OECD economies. Export performance, including diversification of products and destinations, is improving, but Latvia’s participation in global value chains is modest. Latvia’s exports still rely heavily on low value-added, natural resource intensive products, reflecting in part skills shortages and weak innovation. Unemployment remains high, although it has fallen. Many young Latvians emigrate. Informal economic activity is still widespread.
High long-term unemployment, weak social safety nets and high labour taxes for workers on low pay contribute to widespread poverty. Many low-income households are inadequately housed. High out-of-pocket payments limit access of low-income households to health services. Improving access to housing, health care, education and training would improve economic opportunities for low-income households and requires additional government spending.
SPECIAL FEATURES : MOVING UP THE GLOBAL VALUE CHAIN; ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
La croissance annuelle du PIB devrait être assez forte en 2017-18, tirée par la consommation et l’investissement. Le marché du travail s’améliore, mais les gains de productivité sont trop modestes pour maintenir à long terme le niveau de protection sociale, des services publics de qualité et des revenus individuels en hausse. Des réformes récentes ont renforcé la concurrence dans certains secteurs de services, mais celle-ci reste faible dans d’autres secteurs. Combiné avec des impôts complexes et élevés, ceci pèse sur l’emploi et la croissance de la productivité. Dans l’ensemble la pauvreté est faible. Cependant, les jeunes et les travailleurs peu qualifiés sont souvent exclus du marché du travail, notamment dans les quartiers défavorisés. La qualité des soins de santé est louable, mais une prévention perfectible, une coordination incomplète entre les prestataires de soins et le haut niveau de couverture pour la plupart des ménages contribuent à une consommation des soins et des dépenses importantes. Une stratégie de long terme est nécessaire pour réduire les dépenses publiques sans mettre en péril la protection sociale afin de baisser les impôts tout en assurant la soutenabilité des finances publiques. Mieux cibler les dépenses d’infrastructure et d’éducation sur les populations pauvres permettrait d’améliorer l’équité. Cette Étude formule également des recommandations pour favoriser un développement inclusif des compétences et de l’emploi qui conduira à une croissance plus forte de la productivité et un niveau de vie plus élevé.
THÈMES SPÉCIAUX : QUARTIERS DÉFAVORISÉS ; SOINS DE SANTÉ
GDP is set to grow fairly strongly in 2017-18, supported by private consumption and investment. The labour market has started to improve. However, productivity gains are too low to sustain social protection, high-quality public services and rising incomes in the long run. Recent reforms have strengthened competition in some services sectors, but it remains weak in others. Along with high and complex taxes, this weighs on employment and productivity growth. Poverty is low overall. Yet, many youngsters and low-skilled workers are excluded from the labour market, especially when they live in poor neighbourhoods. Health-care quality is high, but insufficient support for prevention, a lack of coordination among providers and generous coverage of expenditures for most households result in excessive use and spending. A long-term strategy is needed to reduce public expenditure without endangering social protection so as to allow lower taxes with sustainable public finances. Increasing the focus on infrastructure and education spending for the poor would improve equity. This Survey also makes recommendations to foster an inclusive development of skills and employment that will lead to stronger productivity growth and higher living standards.
SPECIAL FEATURES: POOR NEIGHBOURHOODS; HEALTH CARE
This report is the second edition of Tax Policy Reforms: OECD and Selected Partner Economies, which is an annual publication that provides comparative information on tax reforms across countries and tracks tax policy developments over time.
This year’s report covers the tax reforms that were implemented, legislated or announced in 2016. Two non-OECD countries, Argentina and South Africa, have been included in this year’s edition, in an effort to progressively expand the scope of the publication to key partner economies. Monitoring tax policy reforms and understanding the context in which they were undertaken is crucial to informing tax policy discussions and to supporting governments in the assessment and design of tax reforms.
The economy is experiencing a strong recovery after a prolonged period of low growth following the international financial and domestic banking crises. The current economic prosperity reflects a combination of recent structural reforms, business restructuring, supportive monetary conditions and improved export markets. A downside is that unemployment consists increasingly of low-skilled and older workers who are unable to fill emerging labour shortages. In addition, long-run growth prospects are hindered by a rapidly ageing population and low productivity growth, partly linked to product market issues. The 2017 Survey makes key policy recommendations to secure fiscal sustainability through pension and health care reform. In addition, the Survey recommends measures to enhance economic growth by boosting investment incentives in human and physical capital. Such investments will improve the skills and adaptability of the Slovenian workforce and promote competitive firms, fostering faster productivity growth and higher living standards for all Slovenians by ensuring more inclusive growth.
SPECIAL FEATURES: ENHANCING SKILLS; COMPETITION POLICY AND REGULATION
En complément des Perspectives économiques de l’OCDE et des Études économiques de l’OCDE. Objectif croissance est la publication annuelle de l’OCDE consacrée aux réformes structurelles jugées prioritaires pour rehausser les revenus dans les pays de l’OCDE et dans certains pays non membres de l’Organisation (l’Afrique du Sud, l'Argentine, le Brésil, la République populaire de Chine, la Colombie, le Costa Rica, la Fédération de Russie, l’Inde, l’Indonésie et la Lithuanie). Les priorités d’action identifiées sont actualisées tous les deux ans et présentées dans un rapport complet, incluant des notes par pays dans lesquelles sont formulées des recommandations précises correspondant à ces priorités. La sélection des priorités et le suivi des réformes sont supportés par un ensemble d’indicateurs comparables au niveau international, ce qui permet aux pays d’évaluer leur performance économique et leurs politiques publiques dans un large éventail de domaines. En plus du nouvel ensemble de priorités de politiques publiques et de notes par pays, le rapport 2017 contient un chapitre spécial présentant de quelle manière le cadre d’analyse d’Objectif croissance a été étendu pour identifier un ensemble de réformes pour rehausser la croissance et assurer que celle-ci soit inclusive.