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Detailed, complete, timely and reliable statistics are essential to monitor the energy situation at a country level as well as at an international level. Energy statistics on supply, trade, stocks, transformation and demand are indeed the basis for any sound energy policy decision. This manual is designed to provide a basic understanding of energy statistics to the layman.
How long will conventional fossil fuels remain the predominant source of energy? Does nuclear power have a future? What new energy technologies are emerging on the horizon? What are the implications of the growing role played by developing countries as producers and users of energy? What can be done to avoid international energy crises in the future? How will the information society affect the production and use of energy? And what will be the long-term implications of international environmental agreements for a sustainable energy future? Endeavours to set world energy on a sustainable footing are entering a critical phase. By 2050 the energy landscape could be completely transformed. A highly diversified mix of conventional and new fuels will be in use; unprecedented levels of energy efficiency in transport systems, housing and other infrastructures will likely have been attained; and people could at last be reaping the rewards of environmentally responsible lifestyles. But such a shift towards sustainable use of energy will take decades to achieve. This book reviews the options likely to shape the energy picture over the next half-century, and assesses some of the key issues -- economic, social, technological, environmental -- that decision-makers in government and corporations will need to address in the very near future.
How can governments reduce workforce costs while ensuring civil servants remain engaged and productive? This report addresses this question, using evidence from the 2014 OECD Survey on Managing Budgeting Constraints: Implications for HRM and Employment in Central Public Administration. The results clearly illustrate the complex challenges facing civil services, such as how to reduce size and cost while still attracting and retaining high-calibre professional talent. The first part of this report shows that the pressure on central public administrations to reduce costs has required many OECD countries to make cuts that have likely resulted in negative impacts on the workforce regarding trust, motivation and commitment. Overall, 67% of countries surveyed have implemented a pay freeze since 2008. The second part explores how a number of OECD countries are using employee surveys as a leadership tool to better manage employee engagement, which is linked to better job performance, organisational commitment, productivity and public sector innovation. Employee engagement can be a powerful counter balance to austerity-driven measures.
In increasingly knowledge-based societies and economies, data are a key resource. Enhanced access to publicly funded data enables research and innovation, and has far-reaching effects on resource efficiency, productivity and competitiveness, creating benefits for society at large. Yet these benefits must also be balanced against associated risks to privacy, intellectual property, national security and the public interest.
This report presents current policy practice to promote access to publicly funded data for science, technology and innovation, as well as policy challenges for the future. It examines national policies and international initiatives, and identifies seven issues that require policy attention.
The OECD/EBRD Enterprise Policy Performance Assessment for Bosnia and Herzegovina presents an overall assessment of the business environment for SMEs. It assesses the conditions regarding the institutional framework, the rule of law, tax policy, financial services availability, advisory services availability, business incubators, and access to education and technology.
The OECD/EBRD Enterprise Policy Performance Assessment for Bulgaria presents an overall assessment of conditions for SMEs. It assesses the conditions regarding the institutional framework, the rule of law, tax policy, financial services availability, advistory services availability, business incubators, and access to education and technology.
The OECD/EBRD Enterprise Policy Performance Assessment for Croatia presents an overall assessment of conditions for SMEs. It assesses the conditions regarding the institutional framework, the rule of law, tax policy, financial services availability, advistory services availability, business incubators, and access to education and technology.
This Enterprise Policy Performance Assessment report is presented as an independent and constructive contribution to the debate on enterprise policy in Albania, bringing forward the views of the small business sector and providing a set of priority actions and policy recommendations to the government and the small business community.
The EPPA 2004 indicates that, since the completion of the previous EPPA report in March 2003, Serbia has made progress in implementing better policies for the SME sector. The overall picture is that of a gradual, but limited and uneven progress over the broad spectrum of the seven policy dimensions covered by the EPPA report...
Government and its agencies have a fundamental lead role to play in providing an environment favourable to business operations and conducive to private investment. This is especially true for small business. In order to flourish and grow they need an environment that facilitates and enables business start-ups, does not hamper them with excessive and costly regulations, and facilitates access to finance and business services.
In 2002, the OECD and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) launched the Enterprise Policy Performance Assessments (EPPAs) in the framework of the Investment Compact for South East Europe (SEE) Programme. The EPPAs consist of a series of reports covering all countries of South East Europe They assess the quality of government policy for the Small and Medium Enterprise sector, and regularly monitor its implementation. The 2004 edition of the EPPAs has been prepared by the OECD and the EBRD in close consultation with the European Commission. Synergies have been created between the EPPA and the European Union Charter for Small Business, covering seven policy dimensions:
- institutional framework;
- regulatory environment;
- tax policy;
- access to finance;
- advisory services;
- business incubators; and,
- entrepreneurship, vocational training and access to technology.
This Enterprise Policy Performance Assessment report is presented as an independent and constructive contribution to the debate on enterprise policy in Romania, bringing forward the views of the small business sector and providing a set of priority actions and policy recommendations to the government and the small business community.
The publication is produced by the OECD-Eurostat Entrepreneurship Indicators Programme based on official statistics. The 2017 edition features a new trends chapter, which also introduces recent developments related to the emergence of the "gig economy" and the use of digital tools by micro-enterprises.
Environment at a Glance 2020 presents a digest of major environmental trends in areas such as climate change, biodiversity, water resources, air quality and circular economy. Analysis is based on indicators from the OECD Core Set of Environmental Indicators – a tool to evaluate environmental performance and to track the course towards sustainable development. The report uses the latest comparable data received from OECD members and compiled from other international sources.
This new web format for Environment at a Glance Indicators provides real-time interactive on-line access to the latest comparable OECD-country data on the environment from the OECD Core Set of Environmental Indicators – a tool to evaluate environmental performance in countries and to track the course towards sustainable development. The web version allows users to play with the data and graphics, download and share them, and consult and download thematic web-books. These indicators provide key messages on major environmental trends in areas such as climate change, biodiversity, water resources, air quality, circular economy and ocean resources. They are accompanied by a short Environment at a Glance report that presents a digest of the key messages stemming from the indicators.
This book provides an overview of the key challenges currently faced in the Euro Area and OECD's main policy recommendations to address them. Drawing on the OECD’s expertise in comparing country experiences and identifying best practices, the book tailors the OECD’s policy advice to the specific and timely priorities of the Euro Area, focusing on how its government can make reform happen.
The repercussions of the 2007–2008 financial crisis have acted as an impetus to improve the quality and availability of statistical information. One such initiative addresses the importance of compiling a complete accounting of a nation’s wealth, and especially the wealth of households. This is of particular importance in view of the housing market’s role in the financial crisis in several countries.
The most valuable item on the households’ balance sheet is usually housing wealth which is composed of the value of the dwelling and its underlying land. Many countries experience difficulties in valuing land and in particular separating the value of the land from the value of the structure. To assist countries, the Eurostat-OECD compilation guide on land estimation represents the first comprehensive overview of conceptual and practical issues related to the compilation of the balance sheet item land in the national accounts, in total and by institutional sector.
The Eurostat-OECD compilation guide on land estimation was prepared by the Task Force on Land and other non-financial assets under the joint leadership of Eurostat and the OECD. Representatives from various European Union (EU) and non-EU OECD countries were represented as well as the European Central Bank.
This joint Eurostat and OECD publication provides a detailed description of the sources and methods used by OECD countries to compile the business demography indicators, such as birth death and survival rates of businesses, published by OECD in Structural and Demographic Business Statistics (SDBS). Furthermore, these measures are key components of the Entrepreneurship Indicators Programme developed jointly by the OECD and Eurostat.
It is the first manual of its kind that provides for an internationally comparable framework for these increasingly important measures and also provides recommendations for the measurement of indicators not hitherto covered in the SDBS publication, such as indicators of high-growth enterprises and young high-growth enterprises (gazelles).
The International Producer Price Index Manual, Theory and Practice (PPI Manual) published by the IMF in 2004 consituted a landmark for international standards on price measurement and contains detailed, comprehensive information for the compilation of producer price indices as well as an extensive coverage of the conceptual and theoretical issues. This second edition of the Methodological Guide for Developing Producer Price Indices for Services (SPPI Guide) is a complement to the PPI Manual in two ways: it focuses on service-specific aspects in the PPI compilation by developing further the conceptual framework and it adds detailed descriptions of PPI measurement for a wide range of individual service industries.
This second edition of the SPPI Guide has been jointly produced by the OECD, Eurostat, the members of a task Force with deleguates from 14 OECD/EU members countries (Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, the United Kingdom and the United States)and in synergy with the Voorburg Group. Several countries contributed to the Guide by providing descriptions of service PPIs for individual industries, other countries were represented by national experts in at least one meeting of the Task Force.
The International Producer Price Index Manual (PPI Manual) published by the IMF in 2004, constituted a landmark for international standards on price measurement and contains detailed, comprehensive information for the compilation of producer price indices. This Methodological Guide for Developing Producer Price Indices for Services is a complement to the PPI Manual in two ways: it focuses on service-specific aspects in the PPI compilation by developing further the conceptual framework and it adds detailed descriptions of PPI measurement for a series of service industries. This Guide has been jointly produced by the OECD, Eurostat and the members of a Taskforce with delegates from 19 OECD/EU Member countries.
This manual explains the why, the how, and the when of the international price and volume comparisons of GDP organised by Eurostat and the OECD and it provides advice on the use and interpretation of PPP figures they publish.
The OECD, Eurostat, and 47 participating countries work together in establishing purchasing power parities, or PPPs, in order to compare the price and volume levels of the GDPs. This programme is called the Eurostat-OECD PPP Programme. The manual gives a complete, detailed and up-to-date description of the functioning of the programme. This includes its organisation, the various surveys carried out by participating countries and the ways PPPs are calculated and disseminated. It also provides guidance on the use of PPPs.