Browse by: "F"

As climate change increases exposure to natural disasters, countries need new solutions to mitigate risks of natural hazards. For many in Asia and the Pacific, mobilising existing resources is not enough: they need to consider a grand design of disaster risk financing strategies. Catastrophe bonds (CAT bonds) can be an effective, market-based financing tool for the region. While the global CAT bond market has grown steadily since the 1990s, it remains weakly developed in Asia and the Pacific. Its successful development there requires robust purpose-built legal frameworks; developed general bond markets, especially in local currency; appropriate capacity building; and data-driven pricing models. This report explores each of these conditions along with policy suggestions for fostering them, and discusses the development of multi-country CAT bonds in Asia and the Pacific.

Fiscal Federalism 2022 surveys recent trends and policies in intergovernmental fiscal relations and subnational government. Accessible and easy-to-read chapters provide insight into: good practices in fiscal federalism; the design of fiscal equalisation systems; measuring subnational tax and spending autonomy; promoting public sector performance across levels of government; digitalisation challenges and opportunities; the role of subnational accounting and insolvency frameworks; funding and financing of local government public investment; and early lessons from the COVID-19 crisis for intergovernmental fiscal relations.

Insgesamt geht es der deutschen Wirtschaft gut. Dennoch meinen viele Deutsche, nicht ausreichend am Wirtschaftsaufschwung teilzuhaben, da ihres Erachtens ihr Wohlstand  durch den technologischen Wandel, den Wettbewerb aus dem Ausland und die Ankunft von Migranten herausgefordert wird. Um sich diesen Herausforderungen zu stellen, muss die neue deutsche Regierung nicht nur Wachstum, sondern auch Nachhaltigkeit  der Wirtschaft fördern und gleichzeitig sicherstellen, dass alle von der florierenden Wirtschaft in Deutschland profitieren und kein Teil der Bevölkerung zurückgelassen wird. Dafür ist ein robustes Wachstum des Bruttoinlandprodukts wesentlich. Dies setzt jedoch eine bessere Innovationspolitik, den Einsatz der modernsten Technologien in Unternehmen, weitere Investitionen in Infrastruktur und Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie sowie den Aufbau von Kompetenzen voraus. Auch die Arbeits- und Sozialpolitik ist so zu gestalten, dass sie einen reibungslosen digitalen Wandel ermöglicht. Zudem sollten öffentliche Investitionen erhöht werden, vor allem für die Entwicklung der Vorschul- und Primarstufe sowie der Verkehrsinfrastruktur. Ebenfalls erforderlich sind Maßnahmen zur Verringerung des Ungleichgewichts auf dem Wohnungsmarkt und eine bessere Anbindung der ländlichen Gebiete an die dynamischen urbanen Zentren. Schließlich sollte die deutsche Regierung eine Beschäftigungs-, Bildungs- und Steuerpolitik verabschieden, die allen – auch Frauen, jungen Menschen und älteren Arbeitnehmern – den Zugang zu anspruchsvollen Stellen erlaubt und die Klimaziele des Landes umsetzt.

Recent years have seen a remarkable backlash against globalisation. The costs of increased openness and connectivity – including the consequences of trade and investment liberalisation – are weighted as never before against the benefits, with many voices advocating a slowdown or even a reversal of the global integration that has characterised the past three decades. While there are many economic, social and political reasons for this backlash, there is sufficient evidence showing that globalisation is leaving many people behind, particularly in the lower half of the income distribution, and especially in advanced countries. This backlash suggests that we need to act quickly to fix globalisation and make sure that its benefits are more equally shared. The consequences of a potential reversal of global integration could be dramatic: increased protectionism resulting in a net loss of wealth and opportunities and dangerous inward-looking policies that would put at risk many of the benefits achieved in the past decades.

In vielen Ländern und vor allem in den fortgeschrittenen Volkswirtschaften äußern die Menschen wachsenden Unmut über die Globalisierung. Sie haben den Eindruck, dass von ihren Vorteilen vor allem ein kleiner, ohnehin besser gestellter Teil der Bevölkerung profitiert. Außerdem sind viele Bürgerinnen und Bürger unzufrieden darüber, wie die wirtschaftliche Integration vorangetrieben wurde. Sie beklagen einen Mangel an Transparenz und zu viele Interessenkonflikte zwischen Politik und Wirtschaft. Einige der negativen Effekte, die die Unzufriedenheit wachsen lassen, hängen stärker mit dem technologischen Wandel zusammen als mit der Globalisierung an sich, allerdings sind diese beiden Elemente eng miteinander verknüpft. Außerdem zeigten die Maßnahmen, die ergriffen wurden, um die negativen Effekte der wirtschaftlichen Öffnung für bestimmte Gruppen, Branchen und Regionen abzumildern, nicht immer die gewünschte Wirkung, und die weltweite Rechtsetzungstätigkeit konnte nicht mit der Realität Schritt halten. Die wirtschaftliche Integration rückgängig zu machen, ist angesichts ihrer zahlreichen Vorteile keine Lösung. Vielmehr müssen wir Wege finden, um zu gewährleisten, dass alle von dieser Integration profitieren können. Dieser Bericht legt dar, was getan werden muss – auf globaler Ebene, auf europäischer Ebene und in Deutschland –, um die Globalisierung gerechter und inklusiver zu gestalten.

Fiscal Federalism 2016 surveys recent trends and policies in intergovernmental fiscal relations and sub-central government. Accessible and easy-to read chapters provide insight: into growing spending and tax devolution; the fiscal constitutions of federal countries; how immovable property taxation is regaining its former significance; on the true spending power of sub central governments; on the mix between own tax resources and intergovernmental grants; and on the role of fiscal rules and good budget frameworks for sustainable debt management at the state and local level.

Tras un período de crecimiento relativamente sólido, que permitió a decenas de millones de hogares pobres incorporarse a la clase media, el crecimiento en América Latina se ha desacelerado, en parte como resultado de factores externos. Para cerrar las brechas —aún amplias— respecto de los niveles de vida de las economías avanzadas, la región necesita elevar de forma significativa el crecimiento de la productividad y asegurarse que nadie quede excluido de sus beneficios. Esto exigirá reformas estructurales integrales, apoyadas en un marco de políticas que fomente la productividad e incorpore consideraciones de inclusión social desde el inicio.

Após um período de crescimento relativamente robusto, que permitiu que dezenas de milhões de famílias mais pobres se juntassem à classe média global, o crescimento da América Latina diminuiu recentemente, em parte como resultado de fatores externos. Para diminuir as grandes lacunas de padrões de vida em relação às economias avançadas, a região precisa aumentar significativamente o crescimento da produtividade, garantindo que os benefícios advindos alcancem a todos. Isso exigirá reformas estruturais abrangentes, apoiadas por um arcabouço de políticas públicas voltado à produtividade, que incorpore, desde o início, considerações sobre a inclusão social.

This report summarizes key recent key finds by the OECD relative to the French economy. Overall it finds that productivity is high but not dynamic enough to sustain growth. In particular, it looks at boosting research and encouraging innovation, strengthening competition and the regualtory framework, making the public sector more efficient, reforming taxation to promote employment and investment, improving the performance of the education system and vocational training and improving the functioning of the housing market.

The balance of economic power is shifting. Countries that were once poor are becoming economic powerhouses. Yet poverty persists worldwide, depriving billions of people of basic necessities and the prospects of creating a better life. How are we responding to this challenge? This book explores the multi-faceted world of aid and development co-operation – a range of global, and sometimes contested, efforts aimed at reducing the impact of poverty. It traces the history of these efforts, explains where they come from and where they are going, and asks whether they are achieving as much as they could. It also examines some of the ways in which development efforts can be made more effective in achieving lasting benefits through good governance and the creation of a deeper partnership between developed and developing countries. And it looks at how the economic emergence of countries like China and India is bringing a new dynamic to development co-operation.

This lavishly illustrated book tells the story of the development of the OECD from the founding of its predecessor organisation, the OEEC after World War II, to the transformation into the OECD in 1960, and its evolution since that time. Covering the stewardship of 6 Secretaries-General over a period of 50 years, the book describes what OECD does and how it does it.  An interesting chapter on a Day in the Life of a Chateau, tracks a typical day for a variety of OECD staffers, illustrating the breadth and variety of what people do at the OECD.  

How did the sharpest global slowdown in more than six decades happen, and how can recovery be made sustainable? OECD Insights: From Crisis to Recovery traces the causes, course and consequences of the “Great Recession”. It explains how a global build up of liquidity, coupled with poor regulation, created a financial crisis that quickly began to make itself felt in the real economy, destroying businesses and raising unemployment to its highest levels in decades. The worst of the crisis now looks to be over, but a swift return to strong growth appears unlikely and employment will take several years to get back to pre-crisis levels. High levels of public and private debt mean cutbacks and saving are likely to become the main priority, meaning the impact of the recession will continue to be felt for years to come.