Browse by: "2022"

The report on Resourcing Higher Education in Portugal is part of a series of publications produced by the OECD's Resourcing Higher Education Project. This project has sought to develop a shared knowledge base for OECD member and partner countries on effective policies for higher education resourcing through system-specific and comparative policy analysis. The review of resourcing in Portugal focuses on options for reform of the core public funding model for higher education institutions in Portugal, the strategic steering and funding of the future development of the public higher education system and the resourcing of policies to support widened access to higher education. Based on analysis and comparison of the current approach to higher education resourcing, the review provides recommendations to support future refinement of policies.

The COVID-19 pandemic further exacerbated the long-standing skills shortages in the health workforce across countries. Equipping health workers with the right skills is essential to respond to future health crises, to prepare for increasing use of digital technologies, and to plan for demographic change. This joint report by the OECD and ILO aims to enable more resilient health workforces by helping countries to assess future demand in terms of both numbers of health workers and skills needs, and to prepare appropriate policy responses. The report provides a comparative overview of practices in 16 countries to anticipate future skill needs in the health workforce, and of how such information is used by policy makers and social partners to foster a better alignment with labour market needs. Analysis is based on interviews with institutions that are responsible for anticipating skill needs in the health workforce, a virtual peer-learning workshop and desk research.

Apprenticeship systems have a crucial role to play in providing students, workers and jobseekers with relevant training opportunities and developing the right skills for the future in responding to changing labour market needs. This report focuses on how to strengthen the apprenticeship system in Scotland (United Kingdom). The Scottish apprenticeship system has made remarkable progress, becoming one of the most flexible and wide ranging systems in the OECD. Apprenticeship starts are on the rise and outcomes have been positive. Informed by international evidence, this report identifies strategies to make the system more responsive, innovative and inclusive. These include strengthened employer engagement, refined minimum requirements for programmes, strategic guidance and practical support for innovation in apprenticeships, and efforts to make the system more accessible and relevant so as to promote inclusion and equity.

The Dominican Republic has made strides on many socioeconomic fronts over the years. The country has been one of the leading economies in Latin America and the Caribbean in terms of GDP growth, reaching upper middle-income status in 2011. However, progress on the different dimensions of well-being has been insufficient. In particular, socioeconomic and territorial disparities are still important, and public institutions remain insufficiently solid. For the Dominican Republic to embark on a more prosperous development path, three critical dimensions must be tackled. First, providing quality jobs for all, with particular emphasis on boosting formalisation and productive transformation. Second, mobilising more public and private finance for development, with more progressive and effective taxation systems, more efficient public expenditure and deeper capital markets. Third, accelerating digital transformation to boost productivity, enhance inclusion and support job creation.

De quelle manière les technologies numériques, et en particulier les technologies intelligentes utilisant l’intelligence artificielle (IA), l'analyse des données de l'apprentissage, la robotique et autres, peuvent-elles transformer l'éducation ? Ce livre explore cette question. Il se concentre sur la manière dont les technologies intelligentes modifient actuellement l'enseignement en classe et la gestion des organisations et systèmes éducatifs. Cette publication plonge au cœur des usages bénéfiques des technologies intelligentes telles que la personnalisation de l’apprentissage, le soutien aux élèves ayant des besoins spécifiques et l’accréditation des diplômes en blockchain. Elle s’intéresse également aux défis et aux domaines de recherche futurs. Les résultats offrent des pistes aux enseignants, aux décideurs publics et aux institutions d’enseignement pour numériser l’éducation tout en optimisant l’équité et l’inclusion.

Vocational education and training (VET) is an important part of education systems around the world. VET systems differ widely between countries in how programmes are designed and delivered. Moreover, countries differ in terms of the types of providers that deliver VET. This report looks at the VET provider landscape in Australia, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden. It provides insights into the number of different providers by country, their focus areas and target populations. It describes how providers are different and how they overlap, as well as structures and initiatives to foster co-ordination between them.

Policymaking has always been a matter of making choices, managing trade-offs and balancing multiple goals and priorities to make complex budgetary decisions. Yet, the past few years have seen a rising number of priorities facing policymakers, hence mounting pressure to enhance the efficiency of public spending. There is a strong case for public investment in high-quality education as it leads to a range of economic outcomes as well as broader social outcomes for both individuals and society. But while high-quality education will continue to enable individuals and societies to thrive and recover from disruptions, education ministries will need to rethink the way they invest in education to ensure that education systems deliver greater value for money. Following an introduction laying out the context, this publication first takes stock of the wealth of economic returns and broader social outcomes derived from high-quality education, making the case for continued public investment. It then turns to the examination of smart ways of investing in education and examines key policy levers that can help enhance value for money: governing and distributing school funding to make the most of education investments; achieving educational equity alongside greater efficiency; and planning, monitoring and evaluating the efficient use of school funding.

The Republic of Türkiye’s trajectory of improvement over the past two decades stands out internationally. Few other countries have been able to bring previously out-of-school children into the education system and improve performance at the same time. This report provides a picture on how student performance has evolved over this period. It is based on data from the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). The report analyses if factors related to student background – such as gender or socio-economic status – are associated with performance. It also analyses student performance across different cognitive and content domains of learning.

The effects of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine (with its dramatic impact on energy and food prices), the continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic, and extreme weather events in some parts of the world in 2022 are expected to reverberate into 2023. International implications for education and training include economic uncertainty and tight labour markets, ongoing digital transformation, and continued growth and influence of mass information. These trends challenge education policymakers to transform existing pathways in their countries and economies, so people can become effective lifelong learners to navigate change. Building on the OECD’s Framework of Responsiveness and Resilience in Education Policy, as well as analysis of international policies and practices from over 40 education systems implemented mainly since 2020, this report identifies three areas of policy effort that education policymakers can undertake in 2023: 1) enhancing the relevance of learning pathways; 2) easing transitions throughout learners’ pathways; and 3) nurturing learners’ aspirations. Lessons emerging from recent policy efforts are synthesised into key policy pointers for 2023. The report has been prepared with evidence from the Education Policy Outlook series—the OECD’s analytical observatory of education policy.

As countries seek to learn from the COVID-19 crisis and increase their resilience for the future, evaluations are important tools to understand what worked or not, why and for whom. This report is the first of its kind. It evaluates Luxembourg’s responses to the COVID-19 crisis in terms of risk preparedness, crisis management, as well as public health, education, economic and fiscal, and social and labour market policies. While Luxembourg’s response to the pandemic has been particularly agile, preserving the country’s resilience will require maintaining high levels of trust in government, reducing inequalities, and laying the foundations for inclusive growth. The findings and recommendations of this report will provide guidance to public authorities in these efforts.

This report represents the second outcome of the collaboration between the Asian Productivity Organization (APO) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to improve the measurement and analysis of productivity developments across APO and OECD member economies. The report discusses the potential impact of COVID-19 on productivity and examines the role of Multifactor Productivity (MFP) as a major driver of economic growth and changes in living standards. It then identifies the most important factors influencing MFP growth and describes the most important challenges affecting the measurement of each of these factors as well as the estimation of their impact on MFP. The report provides key recommendations to improve the reliability and interpretation of the empirical evidence for economic analysis.

Early equity for disadvantaged children can be achieved through nurturing, high quality early learning environments. However, without deliberate action, disadvantaged children face a 12 month development gap compared to their more advantaged peers in key early learning areas such as emergent literacy. Data based on direct assessments from 7,000 children in England, Estonia and the United States show what it takes to achieve a level playing field for disadvantaged children. These actions include supporting parents to regularly read with their children, having back-and-forth conversations and providing access to developmentally appropriate books. Links between parents and their early childhood education and care (ECEC) centre are also positively linked to children’s early development, as well as the provision and quality of ECEC. The latter includes a holistic approach to ensure children’s social-emotional skills are fostered, such as curiosity and co-operation, and ensuring children have a level of autonomy over their activities.

Les enseignants peuvent façonner le parcours scolaire de leurs élèves. Les recherches montrent ainsi que les enfants obtiennent souvent des résultats scolaires très différents selon l’enseignant qui les prend en charge. Cela soulève des questions : quelles sont les modalités de répartition des enseignants dans les différents pays ? Et dans quelle mesure les élèves issus de milieux différents ont-ils accès à des enseignants chevronnés ? S'appuyant sur la littérature identifiant les caractéristiques et les pratiques d'enseignement qui stimulent la réussite des élèves, ce rapport montre comment les enseignants présentant certaines caractéristiques et pratiques ont tendance à se concentrer dans certains types d’établissements, mais aussi les disparités d’accès des élèves aux enseignants chevronnés selon le milieu socio-économique dont ils sont issus. Il souligne les aspects des systèmes éducatifs qui influencent la manière dont les enseignants sont répartis dans les établissements. Le rapport examine également les conséquences d’une répartition inéquitable des enseignants sur les résultats scolaires des élèves.

Alors que les pays cherchent à tirer les leçons de la crise du COVID-19 et accroître leur résilience pour l’avenir, les évaluations constituent des outils précieux en ce qu’elles permettent de comprendre ce qui a fonctionné ou pas, pour quoi et pour qui. Ce rapport, premier de son genre, évalue les réponses du Luxembourg à la crise du COVID-19 en matière de préparation aux risques, de gestion de la crise, et de politiques de santé publique, d’éducation, économiques et budgétaires, sociales et de marché du travail. Si la réponse des pouvoirs publics luxembourgeois à la pandémie a été particulièrement agile, préserver la résilience du pays passera par le maintien d’une confiance élevée dans le gouvernement, la baisse des inégalités, et la mise en place d’une croissance inclusive. Les conclusions et recommandations de ce rapport guideront les pouvoirs publics dans ces efforts.

Bildung auf einen Blick – OECD-Indikatoren ist die maßgebliche Quelle für Daten zum Stand der Bildung weltweit. Die Publikation bietet Informationen zu den Strukturen, der Finanzierung und der Leistungsfähigkeit der Bildungssysteme der einzelnen OECD- und Partnerländer. Mehr als 100 Abbildungen und Tabellen in der Veröffentlichung selbst – sowie noch wesentlich mehr online verfügbare Daten – liefern zentrale Informationen zum Output der Bildungseinrichtungen, zu den Auswirkungen des Lernens in den einzelnen Ländern, zu Bildungszugang, Bildungsbeteiligung und Bildungsverlauf, zu den in Bildung investierten Finanzressourcen sowie zu den Lehrkräften, dem Lernumfeld und der Organisation der Schulen.Die Ausgabe 2022 legt den Schwerpunkt auf den Tertiärbereich und untersucht die Zunahme von tertiären Bildungsabschlüssen und die damit verbundenen Vorteile für den Einzelnen und die Gesellschaften.Außerdem werden die Kosten für eine tertiäre Ausbildung sowie die Verteilung der Bildungsausgaben auf die verschiedenen staatlichen Ebenen und ihre Aufteilung zwischen Staat und Einzelpersonen behandelt. Ein spezielles Kapitel ist der Coronakrise und dem Übergang vom Krisenmanagement zur Recovery gewidmet. Zwei neue Indikatoren zur beruflichen Weiterbildung von Lehrkräften und Schulleitungen und zur Struktur des akademischen Personals runden die diesjährige Ausgabe ab.

In the context of a rapidly changing world of work, the COVID-19 pandemic has heightened pre-existing challenges to Japan’s adult learning system and raised new ones. This report examines how skill requirements have been evolving in Japan prior to and during the COVID-19 crisis. It examines changes in the skills composition of Japan’s workforce as well as policy efforts to improve the accessibility of career guidance, broaden training participation and foster the adoption of teleworking practices. The report also provides concrete recommendations to tackle inequalities in skills and training among socio-demographic groups. Finally, it provides suggestions for how to develop a labour market information system to feed real-time data into crucial policy and decision-making processes.