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The Western Balkans region has come a long way over the last two decades in achieving economic and social progress. Its people are the region’s greatest asset. Yet faced with a lack of opportunities many, particularly the young, decide to emigrate. To make the most of its future the region must invest in its attractiveness as a place to live, work and invest in.

This report comes as a follow-up to the earlier publication Multi-dimensional Review of the Western Balkans: Assessing Opportunities and Constraints. It builds on an extensive peer-learning process that brought together experts from across the region and beyond. The report provides suggestions and recommendations for three strategic priorities that can help create opportunities and boost the quality of life. First, better education and more competencies are the basis for raising productivity, creating jobs, encouraging civic participation and making the region an attractive destination. Second, social cohesion is the bedrock of resilient societies and requires stronger labour market policies and effective social protection that can cushion people’s hardship and provide them with new opportunities. Third, cleaner air and more sustainable energy are indispensable for boosting the region’s quality of life and economic opportunities.

  • 31 Mar 2022
  • Caitlyn Guthrie, Anna Vitoria Perico E Santos, Kirsteen Henderson, Annie Norfolk-Beadle, Elizabeth Fordham, Aleksandar Baucal
  • Pages: 241

Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) has high levels of educational attainment and performs similar to other Western Balkan economies in international assessments of student learning, like the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). However, large shares of students in BiH continue to leave school without mastering basic competencies and there are signs of inequities in the learning outcomes. BiH also has limited comparable data on teaching and learning and faces considerable capacity and resource constraints. Considering collaboration across the country’s different levels of government is limited, these factors prevent the development and implementation of sustainable education reforms. This review explores some of the contextual features of education systems in BiH and highlights how a stronger evaluation and assessment frameworks can help achieve higher learning standards for all students.

  • 29 Mar 2022
  • Caitlyn Guthrie, Annie Norfolk-Beadle, Anna Vitoria Perico E Santos, Kirsteen Henderson, Christa Rawkins, Elizabeth Fordham, Ruochen Li
  • Pages: 217

Over the past three decades, Bulgaria has carried out important structural reforms which have helped the country reach higher levels of socio-economic development. However, long-standing social disparities and income inequalities remain and Bulgaria’s overall productivity gains have not fully translated into sustainable and inclusive growth. In this context, the country holds education as key to improve the nation’s future economic potential and increase the quality of life of its population. For example, the national development strategy, Bulgaria 2030, sets out an ambitious reform plan that identifies the importance of raising learning outcomes and addressing inequities in order to sustain socioeconomic growth. This review provides recommendations on how evaluation and assessment in Bulgaria’s education system can support the country in reaching its goals.

  • 23 Mar 2022
  • OECD
  • Pages: 268

The Review of Inclusive Education in Portugal provides, from an international perspective, an independent analysis of major issues regarding diversity, equity and inclusion in education in Portugal, current policy initiatives, and possible future approaches. The report serves three purposes: i) to provide insights and advice to Portuguese education authorities; ii) to help other countries understand the Portuguese approach to inclusive education; and iii) to provide input for comparative analyses of the OECD Strength through Diversity project. The scope for the analysis in this report covers primary (including 1st and 2nd cycle of basic education) and secondary education (including 3rd cycle of basic education and upper secondary). The analysis in the report focuses on the following areas: i) governance and financing of inclusive education; ii) capacity building; iii) school-level interventions and iv) monitoring and evaluation. This report will be of interest in Portugal and other countries looking to improve the equity and inclusion in their education systems.

Le rapport COVID-19 et bien-être – La vie en temps de pandémie étudie les conséquences immédiates de la pandémie sur la vie et les moyens de subsistance des populations des pays de l’OCDE. Il suit l’évolution du bien-être – depuis les emplois et les revenus jusqu’aux liens sociaux, en passant par la santé, l’équilibre entre travail et vie privée, la sécurité et plus encore – à l’aide de données recueillies au cours des 12 à 15 premiers mois de la crise sanitaire. Il fait également le point sur le capital humain, économique, social et naturel, lequel, au-delà de ses effets sur la vie des individus aujourd’hui, façonne les conditions de vie dans les années à venir. Il illustre les profondes répercussions de la crise sanitaire sur la façon dont nous vivons, dont nous travaillons et dont nous échangeons les uns avec les autres, et montre à quel point la pandémie est perçue différemment selon que l’on travaille ou non, selon le lieu où l’on travaille, selon le sexe, l’âge, l’origine ethnique et raciale, ou encore selon le niveau de formation et de revenu. Le rapport examine également le rôle que les données sur le bien-être peuvent jouer à l’appui des efforts de relance des pouvoirs publics dans le contexte de la pandémie. Il montre qu’étudier la situation à travers le prisme du bien-être peut inciter les responsables publics à recentrer leur action sur les aspects qui comptent le plus pour les citoyens, à repenser le contenu des politiques dans une perspective plus multidimensionnelle, à réaligner les pratiques du secteur public en s’affranchissant des cloisonnements au sein des administrations et à reconnecter les individus aux institutions publiques qui les servent.

English

Muchos países de América Latina han experimentado mejoras en sus ingresos en las últimas décadas, y varios de ellos han entrado en la categoría de países de ingresos altos o medio-altos en términos de métricas convencionales. ¿Acaso se han reflejado estas mejoras económicas en los distintos ámbitos de la vida de las personas? ¿Cómo va la vida en América Latina? Medición del bienestar para la formulación de políticas públicas aborda esta cuestión al presentar datos comparativos del bienestar en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC), centrándose en 11 países de ALC (Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, República Dominicana, Ecuador, México, Paraguay, Perú y Uruguay). El informe se basa sobre el Marco de Bienestar de la OCDE y presenta los datos disponibles sobre el bienestar antes y después del inicio de la pandemia, incluyendo condiciones materiales, calidad de vida, recursos para el bienestar futuro y desigualdades. El informe también identifica las prioridades para abordar las deficiencias en materia de bienestar y analiza el uso de marcos de bienestar en la formulación de políticas públicas en América Latina y otras partes del mundo, aportando lecciones sobre qué se necesita para que el bienestar de las personas sea el eje central de las actuaciones de los gobiernos. Este documento se ha elaborado en el marco del Mecanismo Regional de la UE para el Desarrollo en Transición para América Latina y el Caribe.

English

The German-speaking Community of Belgium is in the process of developing an overall vision for its education system (the “Gesamtvision Bildung”) to guide reforms across the education sector for greater quality and equity. To support this process, the OECD review offers an independent analysis of the German-speaking Community’s school system and assesses the system’s strengths and challenges from an international perspective. It provides a description of the system’s policies in international comparison and proposes options for future reforms, covering pre-primary to upper secondary education. The analysis addresses the funding and governance of school education, policies to support equity and inclusion, the evaluation system, school leadership and the development of the teaching profession. The report aims to highlight opportunities for the German-speaking Community to build on the strengths of its school system, enhance the effectiveness of its resource use and ensure that the system delivers the best outcomes for all students.

Teachers can shape their students' educational careers. Research shows that children taught by different teachers often experience very different educational outcomes. This begs the questions: how are teachers assigned to schools in different countries? And to what extent do students from different backgrounds have access to good teachers? Building on literature identifying the characteristics and practices of teaching that boost student achievement, this report shows how teachers with different characteristics and practices tend to concentrate in different schools, and how much access students with different socio-economic backgrounds have to good teachers. It points out the aspects of different educational systems that influence how teachers are allocated to schools. The report also discusses the consequences that inequitable teacher allocation systems have on students’ educational outcomes.

French
  • 10 Mar 2022
  • OECD
  • Pages: 77

In Germany, the three ‘Ds’ – Digitalisation, Decarbonisation and Demographic change – are dominating the headlines. Countless studies analyse the impact of these megatrends on the world of work and document how job profiles are changing. The growing demand for high-level cognitive skills and complex social interaction skills is challenging particularly low-qualified workers. In response to these trends, many countries have developed career guidance programmes to support individuals and companies in navigating career options and sustainable job transitions. However, low-qualified workers are less likely to receive career guidance than those with higher qualifications and even those who are unemployed due to a range of multi-layered and interconnected barriers. The report first gives an overview of career guidance provision at the federal level in Germany and then describes career guidance needs and provision in the states of Berlin and North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW). It reviews the support that low-qualified workers have access to, where learnings could serve in other regions and at the national level and provides recommendations on how provision for this group can be strengthened.

Développer, promouvoir et maintenir un corps enseignant performant du primaire au deuxième cycle du secondaire constitue une priorité politique pour les systèmes éducatifs du monde entier. Les données tirées de l'Enquête internationale sur l'enseignement et l'apprentissage (TALIS) de l'OCDE visent à aider les responsables politiques et les professionnels de l'éducation à élaborer des politiques et des pratiques pouvant améliorer l'enseignement à tous les niveaux d'enseignement. Ce rapport présente les résultats de TALIS 2018 pour les pays et les économies qui ont administré les modules sur l'enseignement primaire et sur le deuxième cycle du secondaire. Il s’attache à répondre aux questions suivantes : Quel est le degré de professionnalisme des enseignants et des chefs d’établissement dans l’enseignement primaire et le deuxième cycle de l’enseignement secondaire ? Quels sont les défis pédagogiques propres à chaque niveau d'enseignement ? Quels facteurs pourraient expliquer les différences de professionnalisme qui s’observent entre les niveaux d’enseignement ? Les résultats offrent un aperçu plus complet des enseignants et des chefs d’établissement à tous les niveaux de l'enseignement obligatoire, et des similitudes et des différences dans les problèmes auxquels ils sont confrontés. Le rapport présente également des réflexions politiques tirées de ces conclusions.

English
  • 28 Feb 2022
  • OECD
  • Pages: 92

In the context of considerable labour market change, many adults in Canada are being challenged to consider alternative career paths, and to upskill or retrain. Career guidance has the potential to facilitate employment transitions: not only from the education system to the labour market, but also from unemployment to employment, and from declining to growing sectors. This study assesses the career guidance services that are available for adults in Canada, and puts them into an international perspective. New survey data show that Canada performs well in an OECD comparison with respect to the quality of career guidance, but there is room to strengthen the provision and accessibility of services. The report provides concrete recommendations to encourage greater and more inclusive use of adult career guidance, and to promote high-quality service provision.

Chile ha emprendido un ambicioso camino hacia una nueva constitución. Para cualquier país, la redacción de una nueva constitución o la enmienda de la existente es un reto estimulante, pero a su vez un proceso exigente tanto desde el punto de vista político como técnico. Este informe presenta los resultados de un ejercicio comparado realizado por la OCDE de posibles provisiones constitucionales que refleja experiencias de los países miembros de la OCDE. Los ámbitos tratados incluyen los derechos económicos y sociales, el sistema de gobierno, la gobernanza multinivel, la revisión constitucional, la gobernanza fiscal y el papel y funcionamiento de los bancos centrales.

English

Chile has embarked on an ambitious path towards a new constitution. For all countries, drafting a new constitution or amending an existing one is a stimulating challenge, but also a demanding process from both a political and technical standpoint. This report presents the results of a benchmarking exercise conducted by the OECD of possible constitutional provisions, reflecting the experiences of OECD member countries. The components covered include economic and social rights, the system of government, multi-level governance, constitutional review, fiscal governance and the role and functioning of central banks.

Spanish

In supporting children’s development, countries invest in the future successes of economies and societies. Awareness of the critical role early childhood education and care (ECEC) plays in setting a strong foundation for children’s learning, development and well-being has grown among policy makers worldwide.

The OECD Quality beyond Regulations policy review provides countries with an overview of the different dimensions of quality in ECEC. It also highlights policies that can enhance process quality in particular. From this review, emerged the present report, taking an in-depth look at Luxembourg’s ECEC system. It outlines the system’s main strengths and challenges, focusing on workforce development and quality assurance through the monitoring system. The report provides tailored policy recommendations to improve provision in line with national goals.

One of a series of studies on vocational education and training (VET), this report focuses on how international evidence can inform reforms of the VET system in Brazil. The reforms aim to considerably expand provision of initial VET, tripling enrolment between 2014-2024. Today, few upper-secondary students participate in VET in Brazil as compared to many OECD countries. The reform is a welcome initiative, provided that the expansion is coupled with investments in quality. Expansion of VET is likely to diversify the students attending VET programmes and increase the demand for VET teachers, and schools will need the support to make this work while ensuring that the programmes they offer are relevant for the labour market. By international standards, employers in Brazil provide limited input into VET policy and very few VET students have an opportunity of training with employers, and the reforms could be an opportunity to strengthen their involvement. Moreover, the reform could reinforce assessment strategies, as a lack of reliable assessment may decrease the value of VET qualifications. To support reform efforts in Brazil, this report brings in international evidence and discusses how other countries are addressing various related challenges encountered in their VET systems.

This report brings together 45 of the education continuity stories that were jointly documented by the OECD, the World Bank, Harvard’s Global Education Innovation Initiative and HundrED during the first wave of school closures related to the COVID-19 pandemic. It covers a variety of different examples on how governments and non-governmental organisations quickly responded to school closures to implement a strategy for learners around the world to continue to study. While often based on the use of digital solutions, those solutions target specific solutions aimed at academic learning, socio-emotional support, teacher professional development, etc. The book covers examples from low, middle and high income countries on all continents and draws some lessons of these fast-paced responses to reimagine a post-pandemic education across the world.

Pallier la pénurie d’entrepreneurs 2019 est la cinquième édition d’une série de publications qui examinent la manière dont les politiques publiques à l’échelon national, régional et local peuvent soutenir la création d’emplois en encourageant la création d’entreprises et le travail indépendant auprès des personnes issues de groupes sociaux défavorisés ou sous-représentés. Ce rapport montre que la lutte contre le chômage et la stimulation de l’inclusion sociale pourraient être considérablement renforcées en promouvant l’entrepreneuriat au sein de pans de la population telles que les femmes, les jeunes, les seniors, les chômeurs et les migrants, si les problèmes spécifiques auxquels ces parts de la population sont confrontées et traités et si les politiques en faveur de l’entrepreneuriat sont ouvertes à tous. Cette édition contient des chapitres de discussion thématiques sur le potentiel de soutien des politiques publiques en faveur de l’entrepreneuriat numérique pour les personnes issues des groupes sous-représentés et défavorisés et la capacité des politiques publiques d’améliorer le potentiel de développement des entreprises lancées par des entrepreneurs issus des groupes sous-représentés et défavorisés. Chaque chapitre thématique traite des enjeux et défis politiques actuels et formule des recommandations à l’intention des décideurs politiques. Enfin, les profils nationaux mettent en évidence les tendances récentes observées en matière d’entrepreneuriat au sein des groupes sociaux cibles, les principaux défis politiques et les mesures politiques récentes dans chacun des 28 États membres de l’UE.

German, English

Die fehlenden Unternehmer 2019" ist die fünfte Ausgabe einer Reihe von zweijährlichen Jahresberichten, die sich mit damit befassen, wie Politikmaßnahmen auf nationaler, regionaler und lokaler Ebene die Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen unterstützen kann, indem sie Unternehmensgründungen sowie selbstständige Tätigkeiten von Menschen aus benachteiligten oder unterrepräsentierten sozialen Gruppen fördert (z. B. Frauen, Jugendliche, Senioren, Arbeitslose, Einwanderer, Menschen mit Behinderungen). Der vorliegende Bericht bietet Daten und Analysen zu Ausmaß und Umfang von Unternehmertum und selbstständigen Tätigkeiten dieser sozialen Zielgruppen, einschließlich der Selbstständigkeitsquote, der Wachstumserwartungen, der Einschätzung unternehmerischer Fähigkeiten und mehr. Die Ausgabe enthält Fachkapitel, die sich auf zwei politische Fragestellungen konzentrieren: Das Potenzial von Politikmaßnahmen digitales Unternehmertum für Leute aus den unterrepräsentierten und benachteiligten Gruppen zu unterstützen und das Potenzial von Politikmaßnahmen, die Skalierbarkeit von Unternehmen zu fördern, die von unterrepräsentierten und benachteiligten Gruppen gegründet wurden. Jedes Kapitel behandelt die wesentlichen Themen und politischen Herausforderungen und bietet Beispiele für mögliche politische Ansätze und Ratschläge für politische Entscheidungsträger. Anschließend werden in Länderprofilen neue Trends im Unternehmertum der sozialen Zielgruppen sowie wesentliche politische Herausforderungen und jüngste politische Maßnahmen aller 28 EU-Mitgliedstaaten vorgestellt.

French, English
  • 18 Jan 2022
  • OECD
  • Pages: 107

Did you ever wonder what the impact of climate change will be on our educational institutions in the next decade? What does it mean for schools that our societies are becoming more individualistic and diverse?

Trends Shaping Education is a triennial report examining major economic, political, social and technological trends affecting education. While the trends are robust, the questions raised in this book are suggestive, and aim to inform strategic thinking and stimulate reflection on the challenges facing education.

This 2022 edition covers a rich array of topics related to economic growth, living and working, knowledge and power, identity and belonging and our physical world and human bodies and interactions. It includes a specific focus on the impact of COVID‑19 on global trends, and new futures thinking sections inviting readers to reflect on how the future might differ from our current expectations.

This book is designed to give policy makers, researchers, educational leaders, administrators and teachers a robust, non-specialist source of international comparative trends shaping education, whether in schools, universities or in programmes for older adults. It will also be of interest to students and the wider public, including parents.

French
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