Browse by: "2020"
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The OECD and the Directorate-General for Environment, the European Commission department responsible for EU policy on the environment, joined forces to examine current and future water-related financing challenges faced by EU member states. These include investments needed to comply with EU regulation for water supply, wastewater collection and treatment, and flood protection.
As part of the research, new data was produced on current levels of expenditure for water supply, sanitation and flood protection, as well as on projected needs. It supported a comparison across member states and substantiated tailored policy discussions in selected countries and at European level. This report captures the rationale for the research, the main quantitative outcomes and the policy issues and recommendations that derived from this two-year co-operation. Lessons from Europe outlined in this report can inspire similar research and policy discussions in other parts of the world.
L’édition de 2020 analyse les performances touristiques et les tendances politiques à travers 51 pays de l’OCDE et d’économies partenaires. Le rapport souligne la nécessité d’approches cohérentes et globales quant à l’élaboration de politiques en matière de tourisme, ainsi que l’importance de l’économie touristique, avec des données couvrant le tourisme domestique, récepteur et émetteur, les entreprises et l’emploi, ainsi que la consommation du tourisme interne. Les priorités des pouvoirs publics, les réformes et les évolutions constatées dans le domaine du tourisme sont analysées à partir d’exemples de pratiques nationales. Les chapitres thématiques mettent en lumière les moyens de préparer les entreprises touristiques au monde numérique et redéfinissent le succès du tourisme dans une optique de croissance durable.
Les perspectives des transports FIT donnent un aperçu des tendances récentes et des perspectives à court terme du secteur des transports au niveau mondial ainsi que des perspectives à long terme des demandes de transport jusqu'en 2050. L'analyse comprend le transport de marchandises (maritime, aérien et de surface) et de passagers (voiture, rail, air) ainsi que les émissions de CO2.
Cette édition examine les impacts de perturbations potentielles des systèmes de transport. Il explore également des scénarios de politiques publiques alternatives pour les tendances à long terme de la demande de transport et des émissions de CO2 de tous les modes de transport de marchandises et de passagers.
This report compiles comparable tax revenue statistics over the period 1990-2018 for 26 Latin American and Caribbean economies. Based on the OECD Revenue Statistics database, it applies the OECD methodology to countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to enable comparison of tax levels and tax structures on a consistent basis, both among the economies of the region and with other economies. This publication is jointly undertaken by the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, the OECD Development Centre, the Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations (CIAT), the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). The 2020 edition is produced with the support of the EU Regional Facility for Development in Transition for Latin America and the Caribbean, which results from joint work led by the European Union, the OECD and its Development Centre, and ECLAC.
The purpose of this document is to clarify the requirements of the GLP Principles regarding the relationship between test facilities and sponsors and the documentation test facilities are expected to maintain about those relations. This document presents possible scenarios in which the sponsor could possibly influence the outcome of a GLP study and the steps a test facility can take to maintain confidence in the independence of the study director.
Environmental regulators strive to protect the environment and public health from pollution from economic activity. This report uses the OECD Performance Assessment Framework for Economic Regulators (PAFER) to assess both the internal and external governance of Ireland’s Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It looks at the EPA’s role and objectives, its financial and human resources, processes for internal management and decision making, and systems for performance assessment. The review acknowledges the EPA’s achievements and good practices, analyses the key drivers of its performance, and identifies a number of challenges and opportunities for improvement to help the regulator prepare for the future.
მცირე და საშუალო სიდიდის საწარმოები (მსს) მნიშვნელოვან როლს თამაშობენ საქართველოსეკონომიკაში. მსს-ბზე მოდის დასაქმებულთა 67% დამთლიანი დამატებული ღირებულების დაახლოებით 62%. თუმცა, ცალკე აღებული მსს-ს ზემოქმედებისკვალი გარემოზე შესაძლოა შეუმჩნეველი იყოს, მაგრამ ერთობლივად - ბევრი მიმართულებითაჭარბებს დიდი ბიზნესების მიერ გარემოზეზემოქმედების ხარისხს.
კომერციულ ბანკებს მნიშვნელოვანი როლისშესრულება შეუძლიათ მწვანე ფინანსებზე წვდომისუზრუნველყოფაში, განსაკუთრებით მსს-ებისთვის.წინამდებარე ანგარიში წარმოადგენსსაქართველოში მწვანე სესხების მსს-ებზე გაცემისგამოცდილების მიმოიხილავს. ანალიზის შედეგად მოხდა იმ მთავარი გამოწვევების იდენტიფიცირება, რაც დაკავშირებულია მსს-ზე მწვანე პროექტებისთვის სესხების გაცემასთან და განხილულია ამ გამოწვევების დაძლევის შესაძლო გზები. კერძოდ, ანგარიშში ყურადღებითაა შესწავლილი მთავრობისა და იმ პოლიტიკური ინსტრუმენტების როლო, რომელიც მას შეუძლია გამოიყენოს მსს-ის სექტორში მწვანე სესხები მიმართ მაღალი მოთხოვნის სტიმულირებისათვის.
To meet their policy objectives, regulations must be accompanied by a carefully designed and well-implemented enforcement strategy, including inspections. This report provides an assessment of the enforcement and inspections strategy in the environmental sector in Peru along with recommendations to strengthen this strategy. The report evaluates the policies and legal framework of the Environmental Evaluation and Enforcement Agency of Peru, as well as its practices and the resources employed in enforcement and inspections activities. It also offers policy options to improve performance. The benchmark for the comparative analysis is the OECD Regulatory Enforcement and Inspections Toolkit. Using a checklist of 12 criteria, this Toolkit provides a simple tool for assessing the inspection and enforcement system in a given jurisdiction, institution or structure.
Countries are faced with the growing challenge of managing increasing risks from climate change and climate variability, putting development and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals at risk. The adoption in 2015 of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and the Paris Agreement on climate change provides a clear mandate for increased coherence in countries’ approaches to climate and disaster risk reduction. Countries increasingly recognise the benefits of improved coherence between the two policy areas, exemplified by the number of countries that either have developed joint strategies or put in place processes that facilitate co-ordination.
Informed by the country approaches of Ghana, Peru and the Philippines, in addition to a review of relevant literature, this report examines the potential for increased coherence in approaches to climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction across levels of government and sectors. It identifies ways in which government officials, development co-operation and other stakeholders can support efforts to further enhance coherence between the two policy areas, not only in the three case study countries, but also those in other countries as well as providers of development co-operation.
L’utilisation des terres occupe une place centrale dans bon nombre des défis environnementaux et socioéconomiques d’aujourd’hui. Ce rapport examine les problèmes actuels devant être surmontés pour mettre la politique foncière en phase avec les objectifs en matière de climat, de biodiversité et d’alimentation, ainsi que les possibilités de rendre les systèmes d’utilisation des terres plus durables. Six pays sont étudiés : Brésil, France, Indonésie, Irlande, Mexique et Nouvelle-Zélande. Tous se caractérisent par un secteur agricole et forestier relativement important et des émissions de gaz à effet de serre correspondantes élevées. La plupart de ces pays abritent également une biodiversité d’importance mondiale. À partir de l’analyse des stratégies et plans nationaux, ainsi que des instruments d’action et de coordination institutionnelle mis en place par ces pays, le rapport fournit des indications sur les bonnes pratiques permettant de mieux aligner les processus de décision en matière d’utilisation des terres et de rendre plus cohérents les objectifs concernant l’utilisation des terres, le climat, les écosystèmes et l’alimentation.
«Индекс экономической политики в сфере МСП: страны Восточного партнерства в 2020 г. Оценка реализации Европейского акта о малом бизнесе» является уникальным инструментом сопоставительного анализа, который позволяет контролировать прогресс разработки и осуществления политики в области МСП в сравнении с передовыми практиками ЕС и международного сообщества. Он основывается на 10 принципах Европейского акта о малом бизнесе (АМБ), который предлагает широкий спектр мер, направленных на оказание поддержки предприятиям. Эти принципы служат руководящей основой для разработки и осуществления политики в сфере МСП. Настоящее исследование является третьим изданием из данной серии. Результаты первых двух исследований были опубликованы в 2012 и 2016 годах. В исследовании 2020 года представлен всесторонний обзор хода реализации десяти рекомендаций закона, а также анализируются успехи, достигнутые странами региона с 2016 года. Кроме того, в исследовании рассматриваются существующие проблемы, затрагивающие МСП в странах ВП, и предлагаются рекомендации по их решению на основе примеров передовой практики ЕС и других стран мира. В издание 2020 года также включена оценка трех новых направлений (защита конкуренции, принудительное исполнение договоров и коммерческая добросовестность), выходящих за рамки политики развития МСП и охватывающих ключевые приоритеты структурных реформ, которые имеют решающее значение для создания равных условий для предприятий всех размеров и форм собственности.
This report aims to support the city of Umeå in becoming the leader in the circular economy as stated in its strategic plan for 2016-2028. Umeå’s population doubled over the last 50 years, making it one of Europe’s fastest growing cities in a sparsely populated region (Northern Sweden). By 2050, the city is expected to reach a population of 200 000 inhabitants, with consequences on housing, use of natural resources and waste production. As such, the local government is developing a model integrating environmental, social and economic aspects within a circular economy approach. This is in line with the Swedish Government’s objective to strengthen society’s transition to a resource-efficient, circular and bio-based economy.
Garantizar la seguridad hídrica a largo plazo es esencial para alcanzar el desarrollo sostenible en Argentina. Las inundaciones representan el 60% de los acontecimientos críticos en el país y el 95% de las pérdidas económicas y, en un país donde el sector agrícola representa el 6,4% del PBI, las sequías tienen un fuerte impacto en la economía. Argentina también alberga algunas de las cuencas más contaminadas del mundo. Además, el cambio climático probablemente cambiará la disponibilidad, usos y demanda de agua. Este reporte es el resultado de un diálogo de políticas con más de 200 partes interesadas a diferentes niveles en Argentina. El reporte identifica desafíos clave para las políticas de agua efectivas, eficientes e inclusivas, y proporciona un conjunto de recomendaciones para mejorar la gobernanza del agua como un medio para abordar los desafíos relevantes de la sociedad, tanto en la gestión del agua como en otros ámbitos. En particular, los caminos a seguir para Argentina incluyen el fortalecimiento de la coordinación entre las políticas del agua nacionales y provinciales, establecimiento de un marco de planificación e inversión de agua multinivel, mejora de gestión de cuencas y fortalecimiento de la regulación económica de los servicios de agua.
The transition to the circular economy for the city of Valladolid, Spain represents an opportunity for greater attractiveness and competitiveness, while providing responses to environmental challenges. The city of Valladolid aims to be a reference as a sustainable city, reducing waste, lowering the use of raw materials and increasing the use of renewable energy while stimulating economic growth and social well-being. This report aims to support Valladolid in developing a coherent circular economy strategy, on the basis of various initiatives already in place to finance circular economy projects, raise awareness and promote an entrepreneurial culture on the circular economy.
The City of Groningen is the biggest urban centre of a prevalently rural region and hosts the youngest population in the Netherlands. The presence of renowned universities, the high number of students and a fast growing start-up scene alongside a vibrant business and innovation environment, make Groningen a knowledge hub for the region. Since the Dutch national cabinet decided to phase out natural gas production by 2022, Groningen has intensified its regional leading role in the energy transition aiming to become energy neutral by 2035, according to which the energy demand is met entirely by renewables. In 2018, the Municipal Council took the unanimous decision of making the circular economy a priority for the city, identifying three priority areas: public procurement, waste and knowledge. This case study presents the state of the art of the circular economy in Groningen, the main challenges for designing a circular economy strategy and the ways forward for the city’s circular transition.
Dans ce rapport, nous nous appuyons sur le cadre du bien-être de l’OCDE pour adopter une nouvelle approche qui consiste à analyser les synergies et les divergences entre la lutte contre le changement climatique et des objectifs plus généraux comme la santé, l’éducation et l’emploi, de même que la qualité de l’environnement plus généralement et la préservation des ressources nécessaires à notre subsistance. Il étudie sous l’angle de l’économie politique les transitions nécessaires vers un avenir bas carbone au sein de cinq secteurs économiques aujourd’hui responsables de plus de 60% des émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre (électricité, industrie lourde, logements, transports terrestres et agriculture). Il existe des synergies entre la réduction des émissions et des objectifs plus généraux de bien-être, comme la diminution de la pollution de l’air et l’amélioration de la santé, qui renforcent l’incitation à agir en faveur du climat sans attendre. Cependant, il faut également tenir compte de l’impact potentiellement négatif des politiques climatiques, notamment sur le poids des dépenses d’énergie pour les ménages et l’emploi afin de contrer la montée des inégalités économiques et sociales au sein des pays et entre ces derniers. Le rapport explique pourquoi il est nécessaire de remettre le bien-être au centre des politiques climatiques pour rendre visibles les synergies et les divergences entre les différents objectifs sociaux, afin de permettre aux décideurs de renforcer les premières et d’anticiper, de gérer et d’atténuer les secondes. Pour cela, il s’agit de repenser nos objectifs sociaux sous l’angle du bien-être, de reconsidérer la façon de mesurer les progrès et de recentrer l’élaboration des politiques en conséquence.
La publication complète paraîtra en 2020.
The SME Policy Index: Eastern Partner Countries 2020 – Assessing the Implementation of the Small Business Act for Europe is a unique benchmarking tool to assess and monitor progress in the design and implementation of SME policies against EU and international best practice. It is structured around the ten principles of the Small Business Act for Europe (SBA), which provide a wide range of pro-enterprise measures to guide the design and implementation of SME policies. This report marks the third edition in this series, following assessments in 2012 and 2016. It provides a comprehensive overview of the state of play in the implementation of the ten SBA principles, and monitors progress made since 2016. It also identifies remaining challenges affecting SMEs in the Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries and provides recommendations to address them based on EU and international good practice examples. The 2020 edition also features a novelty: An assessment of three new dimensions going beyond core SME policy (competition, contract enforcement and business integrity) looking at key structural reform priorities that are critical to establishing a level playing field for enterprises of all sizes and ownership types.
Le rapport Objectif croissance, dont la version complète est actualisée tous les deux ans, est consacré aux réformes structurelles jugées prioritaires pour rehausser les revenus dans les pays de l'OCDE et dans certaines économies non membres de l'Organisation (l'Afrique du Sud, l'Argentine, le Brésil, la Colombie, le Costa Rica, la Fédération de Russie, l'Inde, l'Indonésie et la République populaire de Chine). La sélection des priorités et le suivi des mesures de réforme s'appuient sur des indicateurs comparables au niveau international, qui permettent aux pays d'évaluer leurs performances économiques et leurs politiques structurelles dans un large éventail de domaines. Outre des recommandations précises correspondant aux priorités action identifiées, ainsi qu'une description des suites éventuelles données aux recommandations antérieures ces dernières années, le rapport contient des notes par pays et, depuis 2017, met l'accent sur la croissance inclusive. L'édition 2019 du rapport inclut également un chapitre spécial sur les trains de réformes qui stimulent la croissance tout en assurant la durabilité environnementale, ce qui constitue un nouveau prolongement du cadre d'Objectif croissance.
Land use is central to many of the environmental and socio-economic issues facing society today. This report examines on-going challenges for aligning land-use policy with climate, biodiversity and food objectives, and the opportunities to enhance the sustainability of land-use systems. It looks at six countries – Brazil, France, Indonesia, Ireland, Mexico and New Zealand – with relatively large agricultural and forestry sectors and associated greenhouse gas emissions, many of which also host globally important biodiversity. Drawing on these countries’ relevant national strategies and plans, institutional co-ordination and policy instruments, the report provides good practice insights on how to better align land use decision-making processes and to achieve stronger coherence between land use, climate, ecosystems and food objectives.
How’s Life? charts whether life is getting better for people in 37 OECD countries and 4 partner countries. This fifth edition presents the latest evidence from an updated set of over 80 indicators, covering current well-being outcomes, inequalities, and resources for future well-being. Since 2010, people’s well-being has improved in many respects, but progress has been slow or deteriorated in others, including how people connect with each other and their government. Large gaps by gender, age and education persist across most well-being outcomes. Generally, OECD countries that do better on average also feature greater equality between population groups and fewer people living in deprivation. Many OECD countries with poorer well-being in 2010 have since experienced the greatest gains. However, advances in current well-being have not always been matched by improvements in the resources that sustain well-being over time, with warning signs emerging across natural, human, economic and social capital. Beyond an overall analysis of well-being trends since 2010, this report explores in detail the 15 dimensions of the OECD Better Life Initiative, including health, subjective well-being, social connections, natural capital, and more, and looks at each country’s performance in dedicated country profiles.