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This report comes as a supplement to the report on “Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).and alternatives in food packaging (paper and paperboard): Commercial availability and current uses” that summarised the commercial availability and current uses of short-chain PFAS and non-fluorinated alternatives in paper and paperboard food packaging. This report aims to complement the 2020 report by compiling information on the hazard profile of the alternatives identified in terms of hazard classifications from authorities and industry and available assessments from authorities on persistence, bioaccumulation, environmental and health hazards.
This report addresses the commercial availability and current uses of alternatives (chemical and non-chemical) to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in food packaging (paper and paperboard). PFASs are synthetic substances that are widely used in numerous technologies, industrial processes and everyday applications. Since the discovery of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in 1938, PFASs, both polymeric and non-polymeric, have been used extensively in various industries worldwide, due to their dielectrical properties, resistance to heat and chemical agents, low surface energy and low friction properties, etc. Due to the large variety of PFAS substances captured in the OECD definition, the individual PFAS will have different properties, however, in general, the highly stable carbon-fluorine bond and the unique physicochemical properties of PFASs make these substances valuable ingredients for products with high versatility, strength, resilience and durability. Based upon this review, a number of policy recommendations are suggested in this report as well as areas that may be considered for further work. These have been divided into those aimed at international organisations and those aimed at industry.
Biodiversity and ecosystem services provide tangible benefits for society, such as food provisioning, water purification, genetic resources or climate regulation. These services provide critical life support functions and contribute to human health, well being and economic growth. Yet biodiversity is declining worldwide and, in some areas, this loss is accelerating. The need for policies that promote the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystem services is more important than ever.
Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) is a direct and flexible incentive-based mechanism under which the user or beneficiary of an ecosystem service makes a direct payment to an individual or community whose land use decisions have an impact on the ecosystem service provision. Interest in PES has been increasing rapidly over the past decade: PES are proliferating worldwide and there are already more than 300 programmes in place today at national, regional and local levels.
Drawing on the literature concerning effective PES and on more than 30 case studies from both developed and developing countries, this book aims to identify good practice in the design and implementation of PES programmes so as to enhance their environmental and cost effectiveness. It addresses the following questions: Why are PES useful and how do they work? How can they be made most effective environmentally and how can their cost-effectiveness be maximised? What are the different potential sources of finance for PES programmes, and how can they be secured? and What are the lessons learned from existing PES programmes and insights for future programmes, including international PES?
The implementation of biodiversity policies will often benefit different groups to a greater or lesser degree. For example, in establishing a property right to facilitate management of a biodiversity-related resource, people who previously had unrestricted use will be adversely affected. Combining analysis and a wealth of case studies, this book offers concepts and tools for addressing distributive issues in biodiversity policy. It will help policy makers put together strategies for anticipating distributive impacts across different groups; and for selecting processes and instruments that manage distributive impacts without compromising conservation and use objectives.
This report complements the "Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Alternatives in Coatings, Paints, and Varnishes (CPVs)" report (2022) which summarised the commercial availability and current uses of PFASs and non-PFAS alternatives in CPVs. This study complements the 2022 report by compiling information on the hazard profile of the substances identified (fluoropolymers, short-chain PFAS, and non-PFAS alternatives) in terms of hazard classifications from authorities and industry and available assessments from authorities on persistence, bioaccumulation, environmental and health hazards.
This report examines the commercial availability and current uses of PFASs and non-PFAS alternatives in coatings, paints and varnishes (CPVs). From the wide range of applications that comprise the CPV sector, three applications have been examined more closely: coatings for cables and wiring, the front and backsheets of solar panels and household and architectural paints. The report suggests a number of policy recommendations and areas that may be considered for further work. These have been divided into those aimed at international organisations/national governments and those aimed at industry.
This report gathers information on alternatives to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).in cosmetic products, focusing on their commercial availability, current uses, market penetration, feasibility, effectiveness, and cost. PFASs provide a wide range of functions in cosmetic products, acting as hair and skin conditioning agents, emulsifiers, stabilisers, oil and water-resistant agents, lubricants, bulking agents and/or oil-resistant surfactants. Technically and economically feasible alternatives to intentionally used PFASs in cosmetic products are widely available on the market, which implies a high substitution potential. However, substituting PFASs in cosmetics often requires the entire product reformulation to provide the same functionalities to the product, and like-for-like ‘drop-in’ replacements are unlikely to happen.
This document includes the Performance Standards (PS) for stably transfected transactivation in vitroassays to detect estrogen receptor (ER) antagonists. These PS accompany the Performance-Based Test Guideline (PBTG) for Transfected Transactivation In Vitro Assays to Detect Estrogen Agonists and Antagonists (TG 455). The PS are intended for the developers of new or modified test methods, similar to the validated reference methods.
The purpose of PS is to provide the basis by which new or modified test methods, both proprietary (i.e. copyrighted, trademarked, registered) and non-proprietary can demonstrate to have sufficient reliability and relevance for specific testing purposes. This document includes Performance Standards (PS) for the assessment of proposed similar or modified in vitro skin sensitisation ARE-Nrf2 luciferase test methods.
This document includes the Performance Standards (PS) for stably transfected transactivation in vitroassays to detect estrogen receptor (ER) antagonists. These PS accompany the Performance-Based Test Guideline (PBTG) for Transfected Transactivation In Vitro Assays to Detect Estrogen Agonists and Antagonists (TG 455). The PS are intended for the developers of new or modified test methods, similar to the validated reference methods.
The purpose of Performance Standards (PS) is to provide the basis by which new similar or modified test methods, both proprietary (i.e. copyrighted, trademarked, registered) and non-proprietary, can be deemed to be structurally and mechanistically similar to a Validated Reference Method (VRM) and demonstrate to have sufficient reliability and relevance for specific testing purposes (i.e., scientifically valid), in accordance with the principles of Guidance Document No. 34. This document contains Performance Standards which allow determining the validation status (reliability and relevance) of similar and modified skin corrosion test methods that are structurally and mechanistically similar to the TER test method in OECD Test Guideline 430.
The purpose of Performance Standards (PS) is to provide the basis by which new similar or modified test methods, both proprietary (i.e. copyrighted, trademarked, registered) and non-proprietary,can be deemed to be structurally and mechanistically similar to a Validated Reference Method (VRM) and demonstrate to have sufficient reliability and relevance for specific testing purposes (i.e., scientifically valid), in accordance with the principles of Guidance Document No. 34. This document contains the Performance Standards (PS) for the validation of similar or modified RhE methods for skin corrosion testing as described in TG 431.
The purpose of Performance Standards (PS) is to provide the basis by which new similar or modified test methods, both proprietary (i.e. copyrighted, trademarked, registered) and non-proprietary,can be deemed to be structurally and mechanistically similar to a Validated Reference Method (VRM) and demonstrate to have sufficient reliability and relevance for specific testing purposes (i.e., scientifically valid), in accordance with the principles of Guidance Document No. 34. This document contains the Performance Standards (PS) for the validation of similar or modified RhE methods for skin irritation testing as described in TG 439. In the past, PS were usually annexed to TGs. However, in view of separating information on the use of a test method as contained in the TG from information needed to validate test methods as contained in the PS, TGs and PS will now both be stand alone documents.
This document contains Performance Standards which allow, in accordance with the principles of Guidance Document No. 34, determining the validation status (reliability and relevance) of similar and modified skin irritation test methods that are structurally and mechanistically similar to the RhE test method in OECD Test Guideline (TG) 498. These PS include the following sets of information: (i) Essential Test Method Components that serve to evaluate the structural, mechanistic and procedural similarity of a new similar or modified proposed test method, (ii) a list of 12 Reference Chemicals to be used for validating new or modified test methods and (iii) defined target values of reproducibility and predictive capacity that need to be met by proposed test methods in order to be considered similar to the validated reference methods. The purpose of Performance Standards (PS) is to provide the basis by which new similar or modified test methods, both proprietary (i.e., copyrighted, trademarked, registered) and non-proprietary, can be deemed to be structurally and mechanistically similar to a Validated Reference Method (VRM) and demonstrated to have sufficient reliability and relevance for specific testing purposes (i.e., scientifically valid), in accordance with the principles of Guidance Document No. 34).
This document is intended as a guide to developers of new test methods that are analogous to existing, fully validated test methods in that they are based on similar scientific principles and predict the same effect(colloquially referred to as “me too” tests) .This document contains the Performance Standards (PS) for the human recombinant estrogen receptor (hrER) binding assay. These PS accompany the Performance-Based Test Guideline (PBTG) for human recombinant estrogen receptor in vitro assays to detect chemicals with ER binding affinity (TG 493). The PS are intended for the developers of new or modified test methods, similar to the validated reference methods.
The purpose of Performance Standards (PS) is to provide a basis by which proposed similar or modified test methods, both proprietary (i.e., copyrighted, trademarked, or registered) and non-proprietary, can be deemed to be structurally and mechanistically similar to a Validated Reference Method (VRM) as well as can be shown to be scientifically valid, with sufficient reliability and relevance for the specific testing purposes. This document describes the Performance Standards (PS) for the assessment of proposed similar or modified methods to the Vitrigel Eye Irritancy Test Method included in TG 494.
The purpose of Performance Standards (PS) is to provide a basis by which proposed similar or modified test methods, both proprietary (i.e., copyrighted, trademarked, or registered) and non-proprietary, can be deemed to be structurally and mechanistically similar to a Validated Reference Method (VRM) as well as can be shown to be scientifically valid, with sufficient reliability and relevance for the specific testing purposes. This document contains the Performance Standards (PS) for determining the reliability and relevance of similar and modified test methods for ocular hazard that are structurally and mechanistically similar to the in vitro macromolecular test method described in TG 496 and the DB-ALM protocol n. 157, in accordance with the principles of Guidance Document No. 34.
This document presents the final report of the OECD survey to collect information on member countries’ data requirements for persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) pesticides and approaches to assessing such pesticides. The purpose of the survey was to provide a clear understanding of the data and information that are used by pesticide regulators to determine the risks associated with low-dose exposure to PBT pesticides. It was also undertaken with a view to developing a harmonised OECD approach for assessing such risks.
This report calls for a better understanding of the effects of pharmaceutical residues in the environment, greater international collaboration and accountability distribution, and policy actions to prevent and remedy emerging concerns. Laboratory and field tests show traces of oral contraceptives causing the feminisation of fish and amphibians, and residues of psychiatric drugs altering fish behaviour. Antimicrobial resistance, linked to the overuse of antibiotics, has rapidly escalated into a global health crisis.
Unless adequate measures are taken to manage the risks, pharmaceutical residues will increasingly be released into the environment as ageing populations, advances in healthcare, and intensification of meat and fish production spur the demand for pharmaceuticals worldwide. The report outlines a collective, life-cycle approach to managing pharmaceuticals in the environment. A policy mix of source-directed, use-orientated and end-of-pipe measures, involving several policy sectors, can help to improve health and protect the environment.
This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources, use patterns and release pathways of chemicals used in photographic industry to assist in the estimation of releases of chemicals to the environment.