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L’édition 2018 des Comptes nationaux des pays de l’OCDE, Comptes des administrations publiques est une publication annuelle de l’OCDE, consacrée aux finances publiques et basée sur le Système de Comptabilité Nationale 2008 (SCN 2008). La publication comprend des tableaux avec les agrégats et les soldes des administrations publiques pour les comptes de production, de revenu et les comptes financiers. Elle comprend également les recettes détaillées d’impôts et de cotisations sociales ainsi que la ventilation des dépenses des administrations publiques par fonction, selon la classification harmonisée au niveau international CFAP.
The 2018 edition of National Accounts of OECD Countries, General Government Accounts is an annual publication, dedicated to government finance which is based on the System of National Accounts 2008 (SNA 2008). It includes tables showing government aggregates and balances for the production, income and financial accounts as well as detailed tax and social contribution receipts and a breakdown of expenditure of general government by function, according to the harmonised international classification, COFOG.
Les Danois bénéficient de niveaux de vie et de bien-être élevés. La longue tradition de réformes et l’existence d’institutions solides étayent la forte cohésion sociale et l’inclusivité du marché du travail, permettant de conjuguer des performances économiques importantes et un faible niveau d’inégalités. Une forte capacité d’adaptation face aux changements structurels et aux chocs assure la pérennité de ces bons résultats. De par son engagement à relever les défis environnementaux, le Danemark constitue une référence en matière de croissance verte.
يقدم هذا التقرير تحليلاً معمقاً للإصلاحات الرئيسية التي أجريت بين 2014 و2018 التي تهدف إلى تشجيع تنمية المشاريع المتناهية الصغر والصغيرة والمتوسطة الحجم في الجزائر ومصر وإسرائيل والأردن ولبنان والمغرب والأراضي الفلسطينية وتونس.
يركز التقرير على خمس مجالات استراتيجية لصياغة سياسات المشاريع الصغيرة والمتوسطة الحجم: تعاريف المشاريع الصغيرة والمتوسطة الحجم والإحصاءات والمؤسسات المتعلقة بها؛ تحسين بيئات العمل للمشاريع الصغيرة والمتوسطة الحجم ورواد الأعمال؛ تعزيز الوصول إلى التمويل؛ رعاية نمو الشركات الناشئة والمشاريع الصغيرة والمتوسطة الحجم؛ وتنمية رأس المال البشري الريادي.
يهدف التقرير إلى عرض الممارسات الجيدة والإشارة إلى المناطق التي تحتاج إلى بذل المزيد من الجهود. ويوفر إرشادات قيمة للحكومات ومنظمات القطاع الخاص والهيئات المتعددة الأطراف وغيرها من أصحاب المصلحة لتكثيف الجهود لدعم المشاريع الصغيرة والمتوسطة الحجم كأدوات أساسية لخلق الوظائف والقدرة التنافسية. ويكتسي ذلك أهمية خاصة في منطقة تسعى إلى تعزيز التنوع الاقتصادي وخلق فرص العمل وإشراك الشباب والنساء في الاقتصاد.
إن التقرير هو نتيجة لعملية تعاون وثيق بين الحكومات، ومنظمة التعاون والتنمية الاقتصادية، ومؤسسة التدريب الأوروبية والمفوضية الأوروبية
This report analyses the impacts of increased automation of the driving task for road freight transport. It investigates the technology options from platooning to full autonomy and examines necessary policy responses. Focusing on the underlying regulatory frameworks, it asks how existing approaches can be maintained and when and how novel solutions will be needed.
在实践中，以创新的方式重新设计学校和学校教育意味着什么？可以怎样开展？这样的疑问启发我们对OECD“创新学习环境”（ILE）项目进行反思。这些反思已经形成了一些有关核心设计原则和框架、学习领导力的出版物。现在，这些反思已从优秀的案例拓展到了更大范围的举措和系统变革。本报告是分析25个国家、地区或网络提交的举措的核心材料。报告描述了这些举措的共同优点，即一系列的C：文化变革（Culture Change）、明晰焦点（Clarifying Focus）、能力建设（Capacity Creation）、合作与协作（Collaboration and Co-operation）、通信技术与平台（Communication Technologies and Platforms）、变革中介人（Change Agents）。报告建议，在大范围内发展创新学习需要植根于21世纪社会的复杂性和“学习生态系统”。报告指出，中观层面的变革围绕着网络和学习共同体蓬勃发展，为更大范围的变革提供了平台。
本报告不是“最佳实践”的摘要，而是一个呈现原创观点和方法的简要分析，并提供来自全球的具体案例。这对于设计、研究或参与教育变革而言非常有用。不管这样的变革是发生在学校、政策领域、共同体还是更大的网络中。
OECD的项目已经形成了有关学习本质的重要知识，并拓宽了我们对学校内外学习环境的理解。ILE项目框架已经被证明是学习领导力和系统发展的宝贵工具。
——Micheal Schratz（奥地利因斯布鲁克大学教育学院院长、教授，国际学校效能与改进大会主席）
创新和创造是学习的命脉。《重新设计学校教育：以创新学习系统为目标》一书很好地总结了OECD最具吸引力的项目之一，试图分析学校中创新的DNA。通过全球真实案例，本书陈述了如果要让儿童和家长、教师和共同体对未来自信与乐观，教育系统需要具备的一系列条件。对教师而言，这一消息是振奋人心的。教育系统必须关注提升教师的能力 和动力。标准化做不到这一点。这对教育行业和组织传达了非常有意义的信息。教师工会可以也应该是创新条件创立的中心。
——John Bangs（国际教育特别顾问，TUAC教育、培训和职业政策国际小组主席）
The chemical industry is one of the largest industrial sectors in the world and is expected to grow fourfold by 2060. Indeed modern life without chemicals would be inconceivable. Given the potential environmental and human health risks from exposure to chemicals, governments and industry have a major responsibility to ensure that chemicals are produced and used safely.
The OECD assists countries in developing and implementing policies and instruments that protect human health and the environment, and in making their systems for managing chemicals as efficient as possible. To eliminate duplication of work and avoid non-tariff barriers to trade, emphasis has been on developing shared frameworks for gathering and assessing information on potential chemical risks. The time-tested OECD Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD) system provides a major basis for generating savings to governments and industry. This report provides an overview of the benefits and estimates the total savings from OECD work to be more than EUR 309 million per year.
The Korean labour migration system has expanded since the mid-2000s, primarily in the admission of temporary foreign workers for less skilled jobs. Its temporary labour programme, addressed largely at SMEs in manufacturing and based on bilateral agreements with origin countries, has become the largest such programme in the OECD. Structural changes in the labour force, with a rapidly shrinking and highly educated youth population, keep the underlying demand for this programme strong. Yet skills levels of workers are increasing, and there is interest in increasing Korea's share in global talent mobility, including international students and innovative entrepreneurs. This book addresses the question of how to ensure that international recruitment can help meet urgent needs in the labour market which cannot be met locally, and how the temporary labour migration programme - and other migration streams - can evolve to ensure that Korea meets its policy objectives. This review first examines the characteristics of the Korean labour market and main challenges where labour migration can help address demand. Following a discussion of various programmes and procedures, the review assesses how labour migration is playing a role in different sectors and how programme governance could be improved. It then explores the channels for high-skilled migrants and how these could be improved in light of international experience.
Under the Paris Agreement, OECD countries agreed to aim for a reduction of their greenhouse gas emissions sufficient to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre industrial levels. This commitment requires a massive effort to decarbonise energy and electricity generation, a radical restructuring of the electric power sector and the rapid deployment of large amounts of low-carbon generation technologies, in particular nuclear energy and renewable energies such as wind and solar PV.
This study assesses the costs of alternative low-carbon electricity systems capable of achieving strict carbon emission reductions consistent with the aims of the Paris Agreement. It analyses several deep decarbonisation scenarios to reach the same stringent carbon emission target but characterised by different shares of variable renewable technologies, hydroelectric power and nuclear energy.
BEPS Action 5 is one of the four BEPS minimum standards which all Inclusive Framework members have committed to implement. One part of the Action 5 minimum standard relates to preferential tax regimes where a peer review is undertaken to identify features of such regimes that can facilitate base erosion and profit shifting, and therefore have the potential to unfairly impact the tax base of other jurisdictions.
This progress report is an update to the 2015 BEPS Action 5 report and the 2017 Progress Report. It contains the results of review of all BEPS Inclusive Framework members’ preferential tax regimes that have been identified since the BEPS Project. The results are reported as at January 2019.
In addition, the Inclusive Framework agreed on a new standard for substantial activities requirements for no or only nominal tax jurisdictions. This report includes the details of this new standard and the other work on additions to and revisions of the harmful tax practices framework. Finally it contains next steps for the work on harmful tax practices.
This report serves as a reference document to relevant Mexican Authorities highlighting international experiences and best practices. It describes the different types of remedies available and their objectives, advantages and disadvantages and the principles driving authorities in choosing this approach. Moreover, this report could also provide guidance to business and consumer groups about how the competition authorities may order asset divestiture as a structural separation remedy.
This OECD brief details the latest findings on services trade restrictiveness from the organisation's work on the STRI.
Australia has managed to decouple economic growth from the main environmental pressures and has made impressive progress in expanding protected areas. However, it is one of the most resource- and carbon-intensive OECD countries, and the state of its biodiversity is poor and worsening. Advancing towards a greener economy will require strengthening climate-change policy and mainstreaming biodiversity more effectively across sectors.
This is the third Environmental Performance Review of Australia. It evaluates progress towards sustainable development and green growth, and includes special features on threatened species protection and sustainable use of biodiversity and chemical management.
L’engagement du Canada en faveur de l’égalité des sexes existe de longue date et la création d’une société véritablement inclusive fait l’objet d’un programme de plus en plus ambitieux. Notamment, ces dernières années, le gouvernement du Canada a renforcé le cadre de gouvernance fédéral en matière d’égalité des sexes, mettant en place des institutions, des politiques, des outils et des structures de responsabilité. L’examen des politiques d’égalité des sexes au Canada réalisé par l’OCDE formule des recommandations relatives à la poursuite du développement de ce cadre de gouvernance. Il recense également les progrès réalisés par le Canada en matière de budgétisation liée au genre et formule d’autres recommandations pour la mise en œuvre d’une approche plus globale, systématique et durable.
The prospering economy has boosted employment and reduced unemployment to historical low levels. The risk of overheating is increasing with double digit growth in wages and higher consumer price inflation, although it remains within the central bank’s tolerance band. The recovery could be prolonged if the supportive macroeconomic policies become more restricitve. Looking ahead, public spending pressures are increasing with population ageing and unless corretive measures are taken public debt may increase again. Reform of the pension system needs to contain rising pension spending and old-age poverty. At the same time, a more flexible health sector is needed to respond to the changing demands arising from population ageing. Economic growth has been geographical uneven as the capital has benefitted from growth enhancing agglomeration effects and some regions, particularly in the west of the country, have benefitting from strong inwards FDIs. On the other hand, poor and rural regions are left behind as they lack integration into local and national supply chains. Development policies tend to pursue centrally determined objectives, while local authorities have few possibilities for identifying and implementing projects that are best suited for bolstering local growth.
SPECIAL FEATURES: AGEING; REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Objectif croissance est la publication périodique de l'OCDE consacrée aux réformes structurelles jugées prioritaires pour augmenter les revenus dans les pays de l'OCDE et dans certaines économies non membres de l'Organisation (l'Afrique du Sud, l'Argentine, le Brésil, la Colombie, le Costa Rica, la Fédération de Russie, l'Inde, l'Indonésie, la Lituanie et la République populaire de Chine). Les priorités d'action identifiées sont actualisées tous les deux ans et présentées dans un rapport complet, incluant des notes par pays dans lesquelles sont formulées des recommandations précises correspondant à ces priorités et décrites les suites éventuelles données aux recommandations antérieures. Le prochain rapport complet sera publié en 2019.
Ce rapport intermédiaire présente un bilan des mesures prises par les autorités au cours de l'année écoulée dans les domaines jugés prioritaires pour la croissance. Cet exercice s'appuie sur un ensemble d'indicateurs comparables au niveau international, qui permet aux pays d'évaluer leurs performances économiques et leurs politiques structurelles dans un large éventail de domaines.
Following on from the 2012 Territorial Review of Småland Blekinge, this Monitoring Review assesses the main regional policy changes since 2012 and the extent to which the recommendations have been implemented. It gives full consideration to the changing context in the region, with improved economic performance, new administrative configurations and an influx of migrants spurring population growth.
The Slovak economy remains strong. Thanks to sustained economic growth, almost 4% on average in the last two decades, living standards have converged towards the OECD average. The economy has benefitted from strong integration into global value chains, but the gains from this integration are likely to decline in the future. Foreign direct investment has focused mainly on downstream activities, which, although generating high productivity growth in the past, have low value added. Faced with rapid wage increases, technological change and labour shortages, Slovakia needs to upgrade the skills of its workers to protect their longer-term employability and foster productivity gains.While poverty and inequality are low overall, the majority of Slovakia’s Roma, about 8% of the population, face extreme social exclusion, with very low employment, widespread poverty and low life expectancy. Providing better living standards and economic opportunities to the Roma will require well-coordinated efforts across social, housing, education and employment policies.
SPECIAL FEATURES: SOCIAL INTEGRATION OF ROMA; GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS
산업기반시설은 기술 및 예산 문제부터 공급과 거버넌스의 이슈까지 수많은 과제를 안고 있다. 하지만 산업기반시설은 생산성뿐만 아니라 포용성을 모두를 달성하기 위해 절대적으로 필요하다. 기업들은 현대적 산업기반시설에 의존하여 경쟁력을 유지하며, 사회는 시민들의 평등한 기회와 평등한 서비스 이용을 보장하기 위해 모범적 산업기반시설에 의존한다. 따라서 공공 산업기반시설의 모범적인 거버넌스를 통해 모두를 위한 실질적인 혜택을 마련할 수 있다. 27개국을 대상으로 한 조사에서, 본 보고서는 현재 산업기반시설 거버넌스의 현행 실태를 개략적으로 보고하고 정책입안자들이 산업기반시설을 보다 효과적으로 관리할 수 있는 현실적인 방법을 제공하고 있다.
도시는 국가의 경제, 사회 및 홖경 곾렦 임무 수행에 매우 중요하다. 국가도시정챀(NUP)은 국제사회에서 국가 및 국제 목표의 달성을 위해 도시화의 동력을 이용하는 중요핚 수단으로 읶식되고 있다. 제3차 주거 및 지속가능핚 도시개발에 곾핚 유엔회의(제3차 유엔읶갂정주회의)에 대비하여 작성된 본 보고서는 35개 OECD 회원국 NUP의 실행 실태와 범위에 대핚 평가내용을 수록하고 있으며 도시정챀의 발젂사와 국가 정치의제에서 도시정챀의 역핛의 발젂사를 기술핚다.
본 갂행물은 제3차 유엔읶갂정주회의를 위핚 준비자료로 작성되었으며 기졲의 유엔읶갂정주계획(UN Habitat)의 방법롞을 기반으로 하고 있다. 유엔읶갂정주계획과 OECD는 새로욲 도시의제를 작성하는 과정에서 국가도시정챀에 곾핚 정챀유닛3을 공동으로 주도함에 따라 본 보고서를 구상하였다. 본 보고서의 조사결과는 유엔읶갂정주계획과 OECD가 공동으로 작성핚 세계 국가도시정챀 보고서와 함께 국가도시정챀의 국제 모니터링에 기여하게 될 것이다.