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Many governments in developing countries are realising that good quality jobs matter for development. However, little attention has been paid so far to explore what actually matters for young people in terms of job characteristics and employment conditions. Today, in many developing and emerging countries, a key development challenge is that existing jobs do not live up to youth aspirations.
This study revisits youth labour market performance and the quality of jobs in developing countries. It places youth employment preferences at the forefront and answers the following questions. What is the nature of youth careers aspirations and job-related drivers of job satisfaction? What shapes such employment preferences? How likely will young people be able to meet their job aspirations? What policy makers can do to reduce the gap between youth preferences and the reality of jobs?
The study draws on the comprehensive data from school-to-work transition surveys in 32 developing and transition countries in Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America. It suggests a number of priority areas for policy makers to enhance youth well-being, raise labour productivity, and contain the chilling effects that unmet youth aspirations can generate on society.
Since joining the OECD in 1996, Korea has made impressive progress in raising living standards. Over 1996-2016, the country closed the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita gap with the OECD average by 26 percentage points. Vibrant exports underpinned strong economic growth, with Korea becoming the eighth largest exporter in the world. The country’s focus on innovation (its R&D spending is the second highest in the OECD) combined with its highly skilled population (it is among the top performers in the OECD’s Programme of International Student Assessment) supported this success. However, the convergence of Korea’s living standards to those in the most advanced countries has stalled in recent years. Output growth has slowed from 4.4% annually over 2001-10 to 2.8% since 2011. The country faces strong competition from emerging economies, notably the People’s Republic of China in low- and medium-end markets, and with advanced economies in high-end markets. This makes it more difficult for Korea to further expand its global market share.
Since joining the OECD in 1996, Korea has made impressive progress in raising living standards. Over 1996-2016, the country closed the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita gap with the OECD average by 26 percentage points. Vibrant exports underpinned strong economic growth, with Korea becoming the eighth largest exporter in the world. The country’s focus on innovation (its R&D spending is the second highest in the OECD) combined with its highly skilled population (it is among the top performers in the OECD’s Programme of International Student Assessment) supported this success. However, the convergence of Korea’s living standards to those in the most advanced countries has stalled in recent years. Output growth has slowed from 4.4% annually over 2001-10 to 2.8% since 2011. The country faces strong competition from emerging economies, notably the People’s Republic of China in low- and medium-end markets, and with advanced economies in high-end markets. This makes it more difficult for Korea to further expand its global market share.
This report presents evidence-based analysis on Poland’s higher education transformation process towards an innovative, interconnected and multidisciplinary entrepreneurial system, designed to empower its students and staff to demonstrate enterprise, innovation and creativity in teaching, research and societal engagement. Using the OECD-European Commission HEInnovate guidance for the entrepreneurial and innovative higher education institution, the report assesses strategies and practices for entrepreneurship and innovation in Poland’s higher education institutions and the systemic support provided by government.
Higher education institutions play a critical role in Poland’s economy and innovation system, which is based on a strong and growing engagement agenda with industry and local communities, the emergence of new learning environments and strong multidisciplinary research teams. This report offers practical recommendations on how Poland can enhance and sustain the outcomes.
This report presents evidence-based analysis on Ireland’s higher education transformation process towards an innovative, interconnected and multidisciplinary entrepreneurial system, designed to empower its students and staff to demonstrate enterprise, innovation and creativity in teaching, research and societal engagement. Using the OECD-European Commission HEInnovate guidance for the entrepreneurial and innovative higher education institution, the report assesses strategies and practices for entrepreneurship and innovation in Ireland’s higher education institutions and the systemic support provided by government.
Higher education institutions play a critical role in Ireland’s economy and innovation system, which is based on a strong and growing engagement agenda with industry and local communities, the emergence of new learning environments and strong multidisciplinary research teams. This report offers practical recommendations on how Ireland can enhance and sustain the outcomes.
La pression démographique et la forte augmentation de la population jeune posent un défi majeur en matière d'emploi, exacerbé par la création insuffisante d'emplois, la rareté des opportunités d'emploi salarié formel et la vulnérabilité sur le lieu de travail. Encourager l'entrepreneuriat jeune a par conséquent pris de l'importance dans l'agenda politique de développement au niveau national et global. Cet ouvrage vise à contribuer au débat actuel sur le rôle de l'entrepreneuriat jeune dans la création d'emplois dans les pays en développement. Il se fonde sur l'analyse d'enquêtes sur la main-d'œuvre et les entreprises réalisées en Côte d'Ivoire, à Madagascar, au Pérou et au Viet Nam, ainsi que sur des évaluations de l’impact de programmes d'entrepreneuriat. Par ces résultats, le rapport enrichit le débat global sur l'entrepreneuriat jeune sur trois plans. Premièrement, il permet de saisir les situations réelles et les multiples visages des jeunes entrepreneurs dans une sélection de pays en développement. Deuxièmement, il fournit de nouvelles données empiriques sur les déterminants de la performance de l'entrepreneuriat jeune. Enfin, il propose une feuille de route politique basée sur les leçons apprises de méta-analyses récentes sur l'efficacité des programmes d'entrepreneuriat.
This publication puts forward a research agenda advocating the importance of market competition, effective market regulation and competition policies for achieving inclusive growth and shared prosperity in emerging and developing economies. It is the result of a global partnership and shared commitment between the World Bank Group and the OECD.
The biennial OECD Digital Economy Outlook examines and documents evolutions and emerging opportunities and challenges in the digital economy. It highlights how OECD countries and partner economies are taking advantage of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the Internet to meet their public policy objectives. Through comparative evidence, it informs policy makers of regulatory practices and policy options to help maximise the potential of the digital economy as a driver for innovation and inclusive growth.
The IRTAD Road Safety Annual Report 2017 provides an overview of road safety performance for 2015 in 40 countries, with preliminary data for 2016, and detailed reports for each country. It includes tables with cross country comparisons on key safety indicators.
The report outlines the most recent safety data in IRTAD countries, including detailed analysis by road user, age group and type of road. It describes the crash data collection process in IRTAD countries, the road safety strategies and targets in place, and information on recent trends in speeding, drink-driving and other aspects of road user behaviour. The 2017 edition of the IRTAD Road Safety Annual Report puts special emphasis on road safety for an ageing population, which represents a growing concern in many countries.
This report examines how current legal provisions in Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia are impacting women’s ability to fully participate in economic life, both as employees and entrepreneurs. It is based on a comparative analysis of the various rights set out in constitutions, personal status laws, labour laws, in addition to tax and business laws. The report recognises the considerable progress made – in particular in the aftermath of the 2011 uprisings – following the adoption of constitutional and institutional reforms to strengthen women’s status.
Yet ensuring sufficient opportunities for women remains a challenge in the six countries. The report suggests that this may be due to different factors such as: the existence of certain laws that are gender discriminatory, contradictions between various legal frameworks, lack of enforcement mechanisms, and barriers for women in accessing justice. Through targeted policies, countries can tackle these challenges, and help unleash women’s potential to boost growth, competitiveness and inclusive social development.
Ce rapport examine comment les dispositions légales en vigueur en Algérie, en Égypte, en Jordanie, en Libye, au Maroc et en Tunisie impactent la capacité des femmes à participer pleinement à la vie économique, que ce soit en tant qu'employées ou comme entrepreneuses. Il s’appuie sur une analyse comparative des différents droits énoncés dans les constitutions, les lois sur le statut personnel, la législation du travail, ainsi que les lois fiscales et commerciales. Le rapport reconnaît les progrès considérables accomplis – notamment dans le sillage des soulèvements de 2011 – suite à l’adoption de réformes constitutionnelles et institutionnelles visant à renforcer le statut des femmes.
Ouvrir le champ des opportunités offertes aux femmes reste toutefois un défi pour les six pays. Le rapport suggère que ceci pourrait être dû à divers facteurs tels que : l’existence de certaines lois discriminantes en matière de genre, des contradictions entre les divers cadres juridiques, le manque de mécanismes d’application, ainsi que les entraves à l’accès au système judiciaire. Grâce à des politiques ciblées, les pays peuvent relever ces défis et contribuer à libérer le potentiel des femmes pour favoriser la croissance, la compétitivité et un développement social inclusif.
This report assesses the state of Armenia’s sanitation services, which are in poor shape, and proposes ways forward for reforming the sector by: ensuring equitable access by all and identifying solutions that work for the poorest and most remote communities; generating economies of scale and scope, and reducing both investment and operational costs for the efficient delivery of sanitation services; and moving towards sustainable cost recovery for the sanitation sector, by identifying how much funding can be mobilised from within the sector and how much external transfers are required. The state of Armenia’s sanitation services are inadequate, with 51% of the population in rural areas using unimproved facilities, causing direct damage to the environment and exposing inhabitants to health risks, and better access but degraded sewerage-system infrastructure in urban areas, posing health hazards due to potential cross-contamination between sewage and drinking water. According to preliminary estimates, EUR 2.6 billion of investments will be required to meet Armenia’s sanitation needs, with approximately EUR 1 billion needing to be spent in the next 7 to 10 years. Given the country’s current economic situation, this investment will have to be spread over time and targeted to avoid further deterioration of infrastructure and increase of the financing gap.
The publication is produced by the OECD-Eurostat Entrepreneurship Indicators Programme based on official statistics. The 2017 edition features a new trends chapter, which also introduces recent developments related to the emergence of the "gig economy" and the use of digital tools by micro-enterprises.
The report, building on a policy dialogue with a range of stakeholders in Korea, analyses how economic policy instruments under the responsibility of the Korean Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport can be adjusted to contribute to water policy objectives. It also investigates how Smart Water Management Korea, an initiative by K-water that combines information and communication technology with water technology, can be harnessed to better contribute to water management in the country. Finally, it identifies some of the limitations of prevalent water allocation regimes which need to be addressed to make the best use of available water resources.
Since 1965, the Korean Government has invested heavily in quantitative development strategies to meet water needs, and despite highly variable water availability, this has allowed for and facilitated rapid urbanisation and economic growth. However, several long-term trends are expected to affect the capacity of the current water management system to adequately respond to current and future water risks, such as rapid ageing of the population, fiscal consolidation and climate change. These call for a renewed emphasis on water use efficiency.
The OECD Review of Telecommunication Policy and Regulation in Mexico, released in 2012, provided a comprehensive examination of the sector at the time, highlighting potential areas for regulatory and policy reform. Since then, the Mexican telecommunication sector has experienced substantial progress both from a legal and regulatory perspective, but also with respect to current market dynamics. The changes derive, to an important extent, from the reform that has taken place in Mexico since 2013, which closely reflect the 2012 OECD recommendations.
This report assesses subsequent market developments in the telecommunication and broadcasting sectors in Mexico, evaluates the implementation of the 2012 OECD recommendations, and puts forward a number of recommendations for the future. It records the remarkable progress made in implementing policy and regulatory changes and identifies areas where more can be done to continue the momentum that has brought tangible benefits to the people of Mexico.
El Estudio de la OCDE sobre políticas y regulación de telecomunicaciones en México, publicado en 2012, hizo un diagnóstico del sector en su momento, y subrayó las posibles áreas de reforma regulatoria y de política pública. Desde entonces, el sector de telecomunicaciones en México ha progresado sustancialmente, no sólo desde el punto de vista del marco legal y regulatorio, pero también en el aumento del dinamismo del mercado. Los cambios en el sector se derivaron, en gran medida, de la reforma que se ha llevado a cabo en el país desde el 2013, y que reflejan muchas de las recomendaciones que la OCDE hizo en su reporte de 2012.
El presente estudio evalúa los cambios en los sectores de telecomunicaciones y radiodifusión que se realizaron en México a raíz de la reforma, valora la implementación de las recomendaciones que la OCDE hizo en 2012, y propone una serie de mejoras para el futuro. Asimismo, el estudio constata el progreso extraordinario que México ha hecho en la implementación de las recomendaciones en materia de regulación y políticas públicas hasta la fecha, identificando las áreas de oportunidad para continuar con el impulso de dicha reforma que se ha materializado en beneficios tangibles para los mexicanos.
La Recommandation de 2013 du Conseil de l’OCDE sur l'égalité hommes-femmes en matière d'éducation, d'emploi et d'entrepreneuriat recommande d'adopter des pratiques qui favorisent l’égalité entre hommes et femmes en matière d’éducation, qui encouragent les politiques et les conditions de travail favorables à la vie de famille pour permettent aux pères et aux mères de concilier leurs horaires de travail et leurs responsabilités familiales, et qui aident les femmes à prendre davantage part à l’emploi dans le secteur privé et dans le secteur public. Cette recommandation préconise également d'augmenter la représentation des femmes aux postes décisionnels, en supprimant les discriminations liées aux écarts de salaire entre hommes et femmes, en encourageant toutes les mesures nécessaires pour que cesse le harcèlement sexuel au travail, en réduisant l’écart entre hommes et femmes dans l’activité entrepreneuriale, et en tenant compte des besoins particuliers des femmes issues de groupes minoritaires défavorisés et de l’immigration.
The 2013 OECD Recommendation of the Council on Gender Equality in Education, Employment and Entrepreneurship recommends adopting practices that promote gender equality in education, promoting family-friendly policies and working conditions which enable fathers and mothers to balance their working hours and their family responsibilities and facilitate women to participate more in private and public sector employment. It also recommends increasing the representation of women in decision-making position, eliminating the discriminatory gender wage gap, promoting all appropriate measures to end sexual harassment in the workplace, reducing the gender gap in entrepreneurship activity, and paying attention to the special needs of women from disadvantaged minority groups and migrant women.
SMEs and entrepreneurs make an important contribution to the Canadian economy. SMEs account for 60% of total employment, and Canada performs very well across many measures of small business generation, growth and innovation. However, further increases in productivity in medium-sized firms, an increase in SME exports, a greater business start-up rate and an increased number of high-growth firms could bring substantial benefits for the national economy.
This report identifies several areas where new policy approaches could help achieve these objectives. Framework conditions for small business could be improved in business taxation, public procurement, access to financing and the commercialisation of research. New and extended programmes could be introduced in domains including entrepreneurship education, management advice and consultancy, and workforce skills development. A major effort is recommended to prioritise women's entrepreneurship, including by supporting social enterprises, and federal support could be offered to support the exchange of information on best practice SME regulations and programmes among provinces and territories. All this could be brought together and co-ordinated through the umbrella of a national strategy and a lead agency for SME and entrepreneurship policy.
Cette publication est la version abrégée du troisième Examen environnemental de la Nouvelle-Zélande. Elle contient le résumé, ainsi que l’évaluation et les recommandations officielles du rapport, issues des trois chapitres sur les tendances et développements récents, la gouvernance, la croissance verte, ainsi que des deux chapitres détaillés sur la gestion des ressources en eau et le développement urbain durable. La version intégrale du rapport est disponible en anglais sur le site de l’OCDE.