La science et la technologie contribuent de plus en plus à la croissance économique, à la compétitivité industrielle et, de manière plus générale, à la réalisation d’objectifs de nature sociétale. Alors que les pays poursuivent leur transition vers l’économie du savoir, les décideurs s’efforcent de mettre en place des politiques efficaces visant à améliorer la capacité de créer, d’absorber, de diffuser et d’appliquer le savoir de façon productive, en stimulant les investissements des entreprises dans la recherche et le développement, en réformant les systèmes scientifiques et les liens qu’ils entretiennent avec l’industrie, et en favorisant le développement des ressources humaines, la concurrence et la restructuration industrielle.
L'édition 2002 des Perspectives nourrit le débat sur ces questions de politiques sur la base d’analyses et d’évaluations développées dans une large perspective. Ce rapport fait le point sur les évolutions récentes et met en relief les changements importants apportés aux politiques relatives à la science, la technologie et l’industrie dans les pays de l’OCDE. Cette édition des Perspectives comprend des chapitres consacrés aux nouvelles questions qui se font jour en ce qui concerne l’évolution des stratégies des entreprises en matière de R-D, la concurrence et la coopération dans le processus d’innovation, la réforme des systèmes scientifiques nationaux, l’utilisation stratégique des droits de propriété intellectuelle dans les établissements publics de recherche, l’internationalisation de l’industrie, et la mobilité internationale des scientifiques et ingénieurs. Suite à la décision d’accorder à la Chine un statut d’observateur au Comité de Politique Scientifique et Technologique de l’OCDE, un chapitre spécial est consacré aux défis auxquels ce pays est confronté dans le domaine de la politique scientifique et technologique. Ce rapport contient une annexe statistique qui présente des indicateurs actualisés de la science, de la technologie et de l’industrie.
These Guidelines apply to all participants in the new information society and suggest the need for a greater awareness and understanding of security issues, including the need to develop a "culture of security" - that is, a focus on security in the development of information systems and networks, and the adoption of new ways of thinking and behaving when using and interacting within information systems and networks. The Guidelines constitute a foundation for work towards a culture of security throughout society.
Science and technology increasingly contribute to economic growth, industrial competitiveness and the realisation of societal objectives. As countries continue the transition to knowledge-based economies, policy makers seek effective ways to improve the ability to create, absorb, diffuse and apply knowledge productively, by stimulating business investments in research and development, reforming science systems and their links to industry, promoting the development of human resources and stimulating competition and industrial restructuring.
The OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2002informs policy making by providing a broad, integrated assessment of these important issues. In addition to reviewing recent trends, the report identifies significant changes in science, technology and industry policies in the OECD countries. Special chapters examine emerging issues related to changing business strategies for R&D, competition and co-operation in the innovation process, reforming national science systems, strategic use of intellectual property rights in public research institutions, industrial globalisation and international mobility of scientists and engineers. Following the granting to China of observer status to the OECD Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy, a special chapter is devoted to this country’s challenges in the area of scientific and technological policy. A statistical annex provides up-to-date indicators related to science, technology and industry.
Despite substantial achievements in the recent past, the innovation climate in Russia is in need of major improvements. Comprehensive institutional and policy reforms are required, including in areas outside the remit of policy makers in technology and innovation. In this context, the Helsinki Seminar on "Innovation Policy and the Valorisation of Science and Technology in Russia" gathered government officials, scientists and businessmen from Russia and several OECD Member and observer countries -- Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Hungary, Italy, Korea, the United States and Israel -- as well as from countries of the Newly Independent States (NIS). Participants examined the climate for innovation in Russia and discussed the lessons that can be drawn from the institutional reforms and recent policy initiatives in OECD countries to enhance the contribution of science and technology to innovation and growth.
Debt Management and Government Securities Markets in the 21st Century reviews recent trends in the structure of OECD government securities markets and public debt management operations, and highlights the generic structural policy issues in emerging debt markets.
Over the years, OECD debt managers have developed best practices for raising, managing and retiring debt at the lowest possible price and acceptable risk, largely in the presence of persistent large deficits. New techniques have been developed to cope with the adverse consequences of running surpluses (pricing anomalies and lower liquidity in traditional benchmark markets).
This report analyses the impact of advanced electronic systems on primary and secondary markets. In the future, sophisticated electronic auction systems will enable institutional investors to bid directly in auctions, thereby by-passing primary dealers. Electronic trading systems will inevitably reshape secondary fixed-income markets.
Underlying these challenges is the growing number of OECD sovereign issuers granting greater independence to debt management operations, accompanied by an increased emphasis on risk assessment and risk management.
The report also addresses the introduction of new instruments (index-linked bonds and derivatives), as well as policies related to investor relations.
This annual publication reflects efforts made by the OECD to improve the quality and availability of industrial research and development (R&D) expenditure data. The publication presents R&D expenditure data from the Analytical Business Enterprise Research and Development database (ANBERD) in ISIC Revision 3 for 19 OECD countries, as well as a zone total for the European Union. The coverage of ANBERD has been extended to 58 sectors, including wider coverage of the services, starting with the survey year 1987.
These Guidelines apply to all participants in the new information society and suggest the need for a greater awareness and understanding of security issues, including the need to develop a "culture of security" - that is, a focus on security in the development of information systems and networks, and the adoption of new ways of thinking and behaving when using and interacting within information systems and networks. The Guidelines constitute a foundation for work towards a culture of security throughout society.
Faire reculer la pauvreté est aujourd'hui encore un enjeu majeur du développement dans la plupart des pays d'Asie et du Pacifique. Historiquement, la technologie a joué un rôle essentiel pour le progrès des niveaux de vie dans cette région, y compris en ce qui concerne les populations pauvres. La Révolution verte et diverses innovations dans les domaines de la santé publique et de la médecine moderne ont été fondamentales pour améliorer l'alimentation, la santé et les conditions de vie de millions de pauvres. Il semble néanmoins que ces progrès marquent le pas, appelant de nouvelles avancées technologiques - ainsi que des améliorations sur le plan politique et institutionnel - afin d'apporter des solutions au problème persistant de la pauvreté dans certains groupes sociaux et certaines zones géographiques. Les biotechnologies agricoles et médicales sont riches de promesses, mais elles s'accompagnent de risques et de préoccupations qui doivent recevoir des réponses avant qu'elles puissent être pleinement mises en oeuvre. Les nouvelles technologies de l'information commencent seulement à se diffuser largement dans les pays en développement d'Asie et du Pacifique. A terme toutefois, elles pourraient avoir une large influence sur la vie des pauvres, en leur permettant d'accéder à des informations jusque-là réservées aux nantis.
This report updates developments in terms of the roll out of broadband access in OECD countries. It does not aim to provide a definitive description of the technological alternatives or the applications for which it is being used but rather to highlight developments in relation to the leading platforms. The focus of the analysis is on how fast broadband access is being developed, what regulatory barriers exist to this development and what initiatives might be taken to increase the pace of development.
Power Point slides showing the latest official statistics on Internet consumer transaction presented at the last meeting of the OECD Committee for Consumer Protection.
Les technologies de l'information (TI) demeurent l'un des principaux moteurs du changement économique. Elles poussent les entreprises à se restructurer, transforment les qualifications et l'emploi et contribuent de façon notable à la croissance et à la création de richesse. L’édition 2002 des Perspectives des technologies de l’information de l'OCDE décrit les principales évolutions intervenues dans les industries et dans les entreprises qui fournissent des biens et des services liés aux TI. Elle examine l'impact de la diffusion et des applications des TI, ainsi que l'importance croissante des effets de réseau à mesure que l'utilisation des TI se généralise. Cette publication décrit aussi la dynamique de marché et présente un panorama détaillé de la mondialisation du secteur des technologies de l'information et des communications (TIC). Elle analyse également le secteur des logiciels, de plus en plus important, et examine la croissance du commerce électronique ainsi que certains obstacles qui entravent son expansion.
L’édition 2002 des Perspectives des technologies de l’information de l'OCDE se penche également sur l’évolution intervenue en matière de fourniture et d’utilisation des compétences dans le domaine des TIC, ainsi que sur l'inadéquation entre l'offre et la demande et les mesures qui permettraient d'y remédier. Elle décrit la diffusion des TIC et examine la fracture numérique qui existe entre individus, ménages et entreprises. Cette édition met ensuite en évidence le potentiel de certaines innovations technologiques qui auront une incidence sur l'exploitation commerciale et les impacts socio-économiques des TIC à moyen terme.
Enfin, cette publication présente un tour d’horizon des politiques menées par les pays de l'OCDE en matière de TI, en particulier celles qui visent à combler la fracture numérique et à stimuler l’offre et l'utilisation de compétences liées aux TIC.
Information technology (IT) continues to be a major driver of economic change, restructuring businesses, affecting skills and employment, and contributing significantly to growth and wealth creation. This volume describes the main trends in industries and businesses supplying IT goods and services. It looks at the impact of IT diffusion and applications, as well as the growing importance of network effects as the use of IT expands. It describes recent market dynamics and gives a detailed overview of the globalisation of the information and communication technology (ICT) sector. It also analyses the increasingly important software sector and examines the growth in electronic commerce as well as some of the barriers to its expansion.
This volume also looks at developments in the provision and use of ICT skills, mismatches between supply and demand and potential remedies. It traces the diffusion of ICTs and examines the digital divide among individuals, households and businesses, then highlights the potential of selected technological developments that will affect the commercial exploitation and socio-economic impacts of ICTs in the medium term.
Finally, it provides an overview of IT policies in OECD countries, particularly those aimed at expanding the supply and use of ICT skills and overcoming the digital divide.
Poverty reduction remains a major development challenge in much of Asia and the Pacific. Historically, technology has played a central role in raising living standards across the region, including those of the poor. The Green Revolution and various innovations of modern medicine and public health have been instrumental in improving nutrition, health, and livelihoods of millions of poor people. Yet, the pace of improvement from these sources appears to have slowed, and new technological impetus — as well as improved policies and institutions — are needed to address the persistent poverty problem in some regions and among some social groups. Agricultural and medical biotechnology hold tremendous promise but also bring with them new risks and concerns that need to be addressed before their full potential can be realised. New information technologies are only beginning to diffuse widely in developing Asia and the Pacific, but ultimately these too can have profound impacts on the lives of the poor, empowering them with access to information that once was the preserve of the privileged few.
Promouvoir efficacement l’innovation exige des politiques publiques novatrices. L’innovation par la création, la diffusion and l’application du savoir est devenue l’un des principaux moteurs de la croissance économique et un élément clé de la réponse à beaucoup de nouveaux besoins sociaux. Toutefois, les déterminants de la capacité d’innover ont changé dans une économie mondialisée fondée sur le savoir. Les politiques gouvernementales visant à stimuler l’innovation doivent être adaptées en conséquence, guidées par un cadre conceptuel adéquat. S’appuyant sur les résultats d’un projet pluriannuel sur les systèmes nationaux d’innovation (SNI), cette publication montre comment le concept de SNI éclaire la réforme nécessaire des politiques de la technologie et de l’innovation.
Promoting innovation requires innovative government policy. Innovation through the creation, diffusion and use of knowledge has become a key driver of economic growth and provides part of the response to many new societal challenges. However, the determinants of innovation performance have changed in a globalising, knowledge-based economy. Government policy to boost innovation performance must be adapted accordingly, based on a sound conceptual framework. Synthesising the results of a multi-year OECD project on national innovation systems (NIS), this publication demonstrates how the NIS approach can be implemented in designing and implementing more efficient technology and innovation policies.
This publication provides recent basic statistics on the resources devoted to R&D in OECD countries. The statistical series are presented for the last seven years for which data are available and cover expenditure by source of funds and type of costs; personnel by occupation and/or level of qualification; both at the national level by performance sector, for enterprises by industry, and for higher education by field of science. The publication also provides information on the output of science and technology (S&T) activities relating to the technology balance of payments.
Stronger interactions between science and industry underpin growth in a knowledge economy. A comparison of the intensity and quality of industry-science relationships (ISR) in OECD countries shows that many countries are lagging behind in mobilising science for innovation. The report benchmarks OECD countries’ ISR, identifies relevant good practices in managing the interface between public research and the business sector, and provides a framework for monitoring and assessing evolving policies in the area.
The report presents an in-depth comparative study of ISR in France and the United Kingdom and a special chapter on Japan.
Les Lignes directrices de l'OCDE sur la protection de la vie privée et les flux transfrontières de données de caractère personnel, adoptées le 23 septembre 1980, traduisent toujours un consensus international sur les orientations générales concernant le recueil et la gestion d’informations de caractère personnel. En définissant les principes essentiels applicables dans ce domaine, les Lignes directrices jouent un rôle important en aidant les gouvernements, les entreprises et les représentants des consommateurs, à protéger la vie privée et les données personnelles, tout en évitant des restrictions inutiles aux flux transfrontières de données, en ligne ou hors ligne. Reflet de vingt et un ans d'expertise et d'expériences partagées entre représentants des gouvernements de l'OCDE, des entreprises et de l'industrie, ainsi que de la société civile, cet ouvrage contient les instruments qui servent de fondement à la protection de la vie privée au niveau mondial : les Lignes directrices régissant la protection de la vie privée et les flux transfrontières de données de caractère personnel (1980), la Déclaration sur les flux transfrontières de données (1985) et la Déclaration relative à la protection de la vie privée sur les réseaux (1988).
The OECD Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data, adopted on 23 September 1980, continue to represent international consensus on general guidance concerning the collection and management of personal information. By setting out core principles, the Guidelines play a major role in assisting governments, business and consumer representatives in their efforts to protect privacy and personal data, and in obviating unnecessary restrictions to transborder data flows, both on and off line. The reflection of twenty-one years of expertise and experience shared among representatives of OECD governments, business and industry, and civil society, this publication contains the instruments that serve as the foundation for privacy protection at the global level: the 1980 OECD Privacy Guidelines, the 1985 Declaration on Transborder Data Flows and the 1998 Ministerial Declaration on the Protection of Privacy on Global Networks.
The international mobility of highly skilled workers, in particular human resources in science and technology (HRST) such as scientists, engineers and IT experts, is currently an important policy issue in the majority of OECD countries. Accompanying the booming demand for skilled labour, especially from the information technology-related industries and professions, there is apparently a growing shortage of such workers in a number of OECD Member countries. In order to meet these shortages, an increasing number of countries are implementing measures to facilitate the recruitment of foreign skilled workers. Considering that improved knowledge and understanding of these issues are necessary for informing the policy agenda, the OECD held a seminar on "International Mobility of Highly Skilled Workers: From Statistical Analysis to the Formulation of Policies", in Paris on 11-12 June 2001. This seminar was organised by the Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry (DSTI) and the Directorate for Education, Employment, Labour and Social Affairs (DEELSA). The seminar targeted three main objectives, which are mirrored in the structure of the book: Provide data on the scale and characteristics of flows and stocks of skilled and highly skilled foreign workers in the OECD Member countries and certain non-member economies: South Africa, China, India, Israel, Russia and Chinese Taipei; to assess the quality of the data available and the concepts used, and to help improve their comparability. Analyse the mobility of skilled workers and HRST and their impact on the economy through case studies covering most of the major regions sending and receiving these workers. Examine appropriate migration policies aimed at facilitating the mobility of skilled workers in ways that are beneficial both to receiving and sending countries.