Browse by: "2021"
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L’action déterminée des pouvoirs publics pour protéger les ménages et les entreprises a permis d’alléger le tribut que la pandémie a prélevé sur l’économie suédoise, qui s’est néanmoins fortement contractée en 2020. La croissance est repartie à la hausse, à la faveur d’une activité manufacturière solide et des exportations, tandis que la campagne vaccinale laisse espérer un retour progressif à la normale dans les secteurs d’activité nécessitant une présence physique. Quoi qu’il en soit, un soutien budgétaire et une politique monétaire accommodante resteront nécessaires jusqu’à ce que la reprise soit fermement engagée. Les mesures prises par les autorités pour développer l’éducation et la formation et améliorer la concordance entre offres et demandes d’emploi, parallèlement au déploiement de réformes du marché du travail approuvées par les partenaires sociaux, aideront au redressement de l’emploi, en particulier parmi les groupes les plus vulnérables, durement frappés par la pandémie. Promouvoir la croissance inclusive sur tout le territoire suédois nécessitera de revoir le cadre budgétaire des administrations infranationales, d’améliorer l’efficience des services publics, en particulier via leur conversion au numérique, et de promouvoir encore la convergence entre les régions, notamment en renforçant le rôle des universités dans les réseaux régionaux de la connaissance et de l’innovation.
CHAPITRE SPÉCIAL : LES INÉGALITÉS RÉGIONALES
Health systems have to meet the changing needs of an increasingly assertive population and an ever more complex health policy context. Digitalisation, population ageing, chronic diseases, new pandemic threats, and evolving expectations of what health services should deliver – and how – have raised questions of whether health systems meet the needs and facilitate engagement of the people. Agreement is widespread that a shift towards more people-centred health systems is needed. But how this is done, and what a more people-centred health system looks like, is far less settled. The OECD Framework and Scorecard for People-Centred Health Systems identifies critical dimensions of people-centredness for health systems and benchmarks the progress countries have made towards a more people-centred approach to health. It considers the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on people-centredness, and identifies key policies – and policy challenges – to assist the development of more people-centred health systems across OECD countries.
The publication Revenue Statistics in Africa is jointly undertaken by the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration and the OECD Development Centre, the African Union Commission (AUC) and the African Tax Administration Forum (ATAF) with the financial support of the European Union. It compiles comparable tax revenue and non‑tax revenue statistics for 30 countries in Africa: Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa, Togo, Tunisia and Uganda. The model is the OECD Revenue Statistics database which is a fundamental reference, backed by a well‑established methodology. Extending the OECD methodology to African countries enables comparisons about tax levels and tax structures on a consistent basis, both among African economies and with OECD, Latin American, Caribbean, Asian and Pacific economies.
SPECIAL FEATURE: Public debt in Africa and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
This report examines and determines the most relevant cases for artificial intelligence (AI) use in a transport planning context for crash prevention on an entire road network. It explores the possibility of using computer vision to acquire relevant information and the capability of computer models to map high-risk locations. It offers recommendations to stakeholders on the development and appropriate use of life-saving AI solutions.
This report provides an overview of financial literacy - Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and the Russian Federation.This is the second wave of financial literacy surveys conducted by the OECD in the CIS countries. It contains a comprehensive section on financial resilience defined by four clusters of financial behaviours and attitudes.
A atenção primária à saúde tem um modelo bem organizado no Brasil, o que é resultado de compromissos contínuos com a prestação de serviços de atenção primária de alta qualidade para toda a população. Nas últimas décadas, o Brasil implementou uma série de reformas a fim de aprimorar a distribuição de médicos pelo país, o desenvolvimento de novas formas de organização de serviços, a introdução de novos modelos de financiamento e a execução de uma série de iniciativas para o aprimoramento da qualidade. Esta avaliação utiliza-se de indicadores e métodos de análise em políticas públicas para examinar o desempenho do sistema de atenção primária brasileiro, em uma perspectiva comparada reconhecida internacionalmente. Embora o estudo ressalte exemplos notáveis de sucesso, o Brasil continua a enfrentar desafios na atenção primária à medida que sua população envelhece, fatores de risco como obesidade encontram-se em ascensão e ameaças de novas pandemias demandam maior resiliência e adaptabilidade do sistema de saúde. O estudo aponta ações-chave que o Brasil deveria considerar nos próximos anos a fim de fortalecer o desempenho da atenção primária à saúde, especialmente no tocante à realização da prevenção e rastreamento das principais doenças não transmissíveis, melhoria de indicadores de qualidade do provimento da atenção primária, enfrentamento dos déficits de força de trabalho e a busca de uma transformação digital. Uma publicação adicional sobre o sistema de saúde no Brasil examina os principais desafios e abordagens necessários para aprimorar o desempenho do sistema de saúde brasileiro.
This Review assesses Ukraine’s investment climate vis-à-vis the country’s energy sector reforms and discusses challenges and opportunities in this context. Capitalising on the OECD Policy Framework for Investment and other relevant instruments and guidance, the Review takes a broad approach to investment climate challenges facing Ukraine’s energy sector. It covers investment trends, the current policy and regulatory framework, the legal and institutional framework for investment protection, investment promotion and facilitation, public governance, energy infrastructure and policies relating to promoting and enabling responsible business conduct. The analysis and recommendations in the Review can help policy makers strengthen the enabling conditions for investment in Ukraine’s energy sector.
In recent years, the Emirate of Dubai has been placing a stronger emphasis on people’s well-being with the aim of making Dubai “an inclusive and cohesive society (…) that is the preferred place to live, work and visit and a pivotal hub in the global economy”. Within the education sector, KHDA and private schools have introduced a number of initiatives to help raise awareness, measure and support students’ and staff’s well-being. Given the central role education and educators have in fostering and supporting empowered, healthy and happy communities, these interventions hold great potential.
This report analyses the well-being policies and practices that KHDA and schools have implemented in Dubai’s private school sector. In order to fulfil this objective, the OECD has taken a holistic picture view of well-being in education, which is discussed in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 looks at Dubai’s private schools as a whole, focusing on the school leadership and other key school staff. Chapter 4 focuses on teachers and their well-being, an issue that has been relatively overlooked until recently. Finally, Chapter 5 discusses student well-being and empowerment.
For the first time, the OECD Future of Education and Skills 2030 project conducted comprehensive curriculum analyses through the co‐creation of new knowledge with a wide range of stakeholders including policy makers, academic experts, school leaders, teachers, NGOs, other social partners and, most importantly, students. This report is one of six in a series presenting the first‐ever comparative data on curriculum at the content level summarising existing literature, examining trends in curriculum change with challenges and strategies, and suggesting lessons learned from unintended consequences countries experienced with their curriculum reforms.
This report highlights how clearly articulated and experienced values and attitudes can support students’ positive lifelong learning outcomes and promote a more equitable and just society. Despite the variety of values espoused in national curricula, there is an emerging trend in prioritising values that enhance well-being and learning across different countries. This report acknowledges that incorporating values and attitudes in curriculum design and implementation does not come without its challenges – values and attitudes can be intensely contested constructs. However, it also examines the desire by authorities to see curriculum reflecting future-focused goals to improve society as a stronger imperative for countries/jurisdictions than the challenges presented. This report offers strategies that can support effective design and implementation.
The Global EV Outlook is an annual publication that identifies and discusses recent developments in electric mobility across the globe. It is developed with the support of the members of the Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI).
Combining historical analysis with projections to 2030, the report examines key areas of interest such as electric vehicle (EV) and charging infrastructure deployment, energy use, CO2 emissions and battery demand. The report includes policy recommendations that incorporate learning from frontrunner markets to inform policy makers and stakeholders that consider policy frameworks and market systems for electric vehicle adoption.
This edition also features an update of the electric heavy-duty vehicle models coming onto commercial markets and slotted for release in the coming few years, and on the status of development of megachargers. It compares the electric vehicle supply equipment per EV with the recommended AFID targets. It also analyses the impact of EV uptake on governments’ revenue from fuel taxation. Finally, it makes available for the first time two online tools: the Global EV Data Explorer and Global EV Policy Explorer, which allow users to interactively explore EV statistics and projections, and policy measures worldwide.
This report presents the evaluation of a digital training module (“digital aufholen!”) within the school-to-work transition programme JOBLINGE, in the German state of Hesse. The 6-months programme aims to integrate long-term unemployed and otherwise disadvantaged youth into the labour market, combining short-term training, workshops, on-the-job trial periods and individual mentorship.
The pace and scope of innovation are challenging the way governments regulate. Existing regulatory frameworks might not be agile enough to accommodate the fast pace of technological development and, as a consequence, rules might become outdated. Beyond this pacing problem, technological innovation also blurs the traditional definition of markets, challenges enforcement and transcends administrative boundaries domestically and internationally.
This report, which results from a joint project between the OECD and the Korea Development Institute, presents a set of case studies illustrating the different regulatory challenges raised by emerging technologies and the diversity of regulatory responses used to address them. The case studies cover data-driven business models, digital innovation in finance, smart contracts relying on distributed ledger technologies, digital technologies for smart logistics, and the sharing economy.
Le Rapport sur l’Action 5 établit l’un des quatre standards minimums prévus par le projet BEPS que tous les membres du Cadre inclusif se sont engagés à mettre en œuvre. Un aspect du standard minimum défini par l’Action 5 comprend un engagement pour la transparence par l'échange spontané obligatoire de renseignements pertinents sur les décisions spécifiques aux contribuables qui, lorsqu'elles ne font pas l'objet d'un tel échange de renseignements, pourraient donner lieu à des préoccupations en matière de BEPS. Plus de 140 juridictions participent au Cadre inclusif sur le BEPS.
Des termes de référence spécifiques et une méthodologie ont été adoptés pour mener à bien les examens par les pairs destinés à évaluer la mise en œuvre du standard minimum par les juridictions. Pour déterminer si les pays respectent le cadre de transparence, ils sont évalués par rapport aux termes de référence qui se décomposent en cinq principaux éléments : i) le processus de collecte de renseignements, ii) l’échange de renseignements, iii) la confidentialité des renseignements reçus ; iv) les statistiques sur les échanges de renseignements relatifs aux décisions ; et v) la transparence entourant certains aspects des régimes de propriété intellectuelle. Des recommandations sont formulées lorsque des améliorations sont nécessaires afin de respecter le standard minimum.
Ce rapport rend compte des résultats du cinquième examen par les pairs de l’application du standard minimum établi par l’Action 5 et couvre 131 juridictions. Il évalue la mise en œuvre sur la période comprise entre le 1er janvier et le 31 décembre 2020.
Le présent recueil inclut les versions en français des rapports d’examen du Bénin, du Burkina, du Congo, de la France, de Gabon, du Maroc, de la République démocratique du Congo et du Sénégal.
This report offers an integrated assessment of the shift within non-bank financial intermediation in real estate finance from structured products to leveraged institutions and collective investment vehicles. The paper reviews the key trends in real estate finance since the global financial crisis, activities and risks, with a focus on the implications of a prolonged period of low interest rates versus an abrupt path to rate normalisation on fragilities in the sector. In this sense, the report discusses policy considerations to help mitigate procyclicality and excessive risk taking in real estate markets by some entities in the non-bank financial sector.
Primary health care in Brazil is well-organised, the result of sustained commitment to providing high quality primary health care for the whole population. Brazil has implemented a set of reforms over the past decades to improve the distribution of doctors, develop new forms of service organisation, introduce new financing models, and implement a range of quality improvement initiatives. This review uses internationally recognised indicators and policy frameworks to examine the performance of primary health care in Brazil. While the review points to notable successes, Brazil continues to face challenges as its population ages, risk factors such as obesity are on the rise, and emerging pandemic threats require resilience and adaptability. The report points to key actions that Brazil should consider in the coming years to strengthen performance of primary health care, especially screening and prevention for major non-communicable diseases, improve quality of primary health care provision, address workforce shortages and pursue a digital transformation. A companion publication with a health system review of Brazil examines the main challenges and approaches needed to improve the performance of the Brazilian health system.
In the 30 years since the inception of the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde, or SUS), Brazil has reduced health inequalities, and improved coverage and access to health care. However, mobilising sufficient financing for the universal health coverage mandate of SUS has been a constant challenge, not helped by persistent inefficiencies in the use of resources in the Brazilian health system. Demographic and epidemiological changes, rising expectations from society, and the emerging needs of a post-COVID‑19 recovery period mean that continued adjustments and reforms are needed to ensure the sustainability of the health system. This review uses internationally recognised indicators and policy frameworks to examine the performance of Brazilian health system. The report points to key actions that Brazil should consider prioritising in the coming years to strengthen health system performance, especially improving efficiency and sustainability of financing, upgrading its health data infrastructure to leverage a digital transformation, and addressing major population risk factors such as overweight and harmful alcohol consumption. A companion publication with a review of primary health care in Brazil further examines the key role of primary health care to improve the performance of the Brazilian health system.
Face aux défis politiques, socio-économiques et environnementaux auxquels Haïti est aujourd’hui confronté, le gouvernement s’est engagé dans la voie de la réforme de la gouvernance publique pour atteindre une croissance durable et un développement socio-économique inclusif. Cet Examen étudie et analyse les domaines de la gouvernance publique tels que la coordination à l’échelle de l’ensemble du gouvernement, le renforcement des liens entre la budgétisation et la planification, et l'amélioration du processus de décentralisation pour améliorer les résultats du développement auxquels contribuent tous les niveaux de gouvernement du pays. Il évalue également la gestion de la fonction publique, ainsi que la mise en œuvre de stratégies de gouvernement ouvert et d'initiatives visant à impliquer les citoyens dans le cycle politique. Cet Examen fournit des recommandations concrètes, alignées sur les documents cadres du Programme de Modernisation de l’État 2018-2023 et du Plan Stratégique de Développement d’Haïti, pour soutenir la réforme de la gouvernance publique en Haïti.
BEPS Action 5 is one of the four minimum standards which all members of the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS have committed to implement. One part of the Action 5 minimum standard is the transparency framework for compulsory spontaneous exchange of information on certain tax rulings which, in the absence of transparency, could give rise to BEPS concerns. 140 jurisdictions have joined the Inclusive Framework and take part in the peer review to assess their compliance with the transparency framework.
Specific terms of reference and a methodology have been agreed for the peer reviews to assess a jurisdiction’s implementation of the minimum standard. The review of the transparency framework assesses jurisdictions against the terms of reference which focus on five key elements: i) information gathering process, ii) exchange of information, iii) confidentiality of the information received; iv) statistics on the exchanges on rulings; and v) transparency on certain aspects of intellectual property regimes. The reviews of confidentiality of the information received defer to the work of the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes and the outcomes of that work are not published. Recommendations are issued where improvements are needed to meet the minimum standard.
This report reflects the outcome of the annual peer review of the implementation of the Action 5 minimum standard and covers 131 jurisdictions. It assesses implementation for the 1 January - 31 December 2020 period.
Nos 30 anos desde a criação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), o Brasil diminuiu desigualdades em saúde e expandiu a cobertura e o acesso a serviços de saúde. No entanto, a mobilização de financiamento suficiente para garantir uma cobertura universal tem sido um desafio constante, situação essa que é agravada pelas persistentes ineficiências no uso de recursos no sistema de saúde brasileiro. Mudanças demográficas e epidemiológicas, o aumento das expectativas por parte da sociedade e as novas demandas que se apresentam para o período de recuperação pós-COVID-19 deixam claros que melhorias e reformas contínuas são necessários para fortalecer o sistema de saúde e garantir sua sustentabilidade. Este estudo utiliza-se de indicadores e métodos de análise em políticas públicas para examinar o desempenho do sistema de saúde brasileiro, em uma perspectiva comparada reconhecida internacionalmente. O relatório aponta ações-chave que o Brasil deveria considerar priorizar nos próximos anos a fim de fortalecer o desempenho de seu sistema de saúde, especialmente no tocante à melhoria da eficiência, eficácia e sustentabilidade de seu financiamento, a modernização de sua infraestrutura de dados em saúde como forma de impulsionar uma transformação digital e o enfrentamento aos principais fatores de risco à saúde da população, tais como o sobrepeso e o consumo nocivo de álcool. Uma publicação adicional sobre a atenção primária no Brasil publicado simultaneamente examina o papel central da modernização e fortalecimento da atenção primária à saúde no desempenho do sistema de saúde brasileiro.
The government of Haiti is undertaking public governance reforms to support sustainable growth and inclusive socio-economic development. This Review analyses areas such as whole-of-government co-ordination, the links between budgeting and planning, and the decentralisation process to improve development outcomes to which all levels of government in the country contribute. It also assesses the management of the civil service and the implementation of open government strategies and initiatives to involve citizens in the policy cycle. This Review provides concrete recommendations, aligned with key national strategic documents such as the State Modernisation Programme 2018-2023 and Haiti's Strategic Development Plan, to support public governance reform in Haiti.