Browse by: "2021"

Most G20 economies have made solid progress towards the Antalya goal of reducing the share of young people who are most at risk of being permanently left behind in the labour market by 15% by 2025. Since 2014, the share of young people aged 15-29 who are Not in Employment, Education or Training (the NEET rate) has declined in 15 G20 countries, and in 12 they are well on track to meet the Antalya goal.

Reducing methane emissions from oil and gas operations is among the most cost-effective and impactful actions that governments can take to achieve global climate goals. There is a major opportunity for countries looking to develop policies and regulations in this area to learn from the experience of jurisdictions that have already adopted methane-specific regulations in order to design frameworks that are adapted and tailored to local circumstances. One of the aims of any new policy effort should be to improve measurement and reporting of emissions data, which can in turn lead to more efficient regulatory interventions. However, the current state of information on emissions should not stand in the way of early action on methane abatement. Experience shows that countries can take an important “first step” today based on existing tools, which may include prescriptive requirements on known “problem sources” combined with monitoring programmes that seek to detect and address the largest emissions sources (“super-emitters”). In terms of process, implementing a new policy or regulation should involve three distinct phases, each covered in detail in this roadmap: understanding the local setting and circumstances, regulatory design and development, and finally, implementation.

This review analyses regulatory barriers to competition in the logistics sector in the Philippines, with the goal of helping the government make regulation more pro-competitive while fostering long-lasting growth. This report is based on a competition assessment of laws and regulations conducted by the OECD in the framework of the project “Fostering Competition in Asean”. Besides developing recommendations to promote the competitive and efficient functioning of markets under review, this report also includes estimates of how the implementation of certain recommendations could impact the economy. An OECD Competitive Neutrality Review of Small-package Delivery Services in the Philippines was launched together with this study.

Sweden’s northern region, Upper Norrland, is one of the most important mining regions in Europe and has the potential to become a global leader in environmentally sustainable mining. With the largest land surface and the lowest population density in Sweden, Upper Norrland contains two sub regions, Västerbotten and Norrbotten. Both sub regions host the greatest mineral reserves in the country, containing 9 of the country’s 12 active mines and providing 90% of the iron ore in the European Union. Upper Norrland has the potential to become a global leader in environmentally sustainable mining due to its competitive advantages, including a stable green energy supply, high-quality broadband connection, a pool of large mining companies working closely with universities to reduce the emissions footprint across the mining value chain, and a highly skilled labour force. Yet, the region must overcome a number of bottlenecks to support a sustainable future, including a shrinking workforce, low interaction of local firms with the mining innovation process and an increasing opposition to mining due to socio environmental concerns and land use conflicts. This study identifies how Västerbotten and Norrbotten can build on their competitive advantages and address current and future challenges to support a resilient future through sustainable mining.

Career guidance is a fundamental policy lever to help adults successfully navigate a constantly evolving labour market through advice and information on job and training opportunities. The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of career guidance services. Many adults have lost their jobs and require assistance navigating their career options in a changing labour market, where firms are likely to accelerate the adoption of digital technologies in the name of pandemic-proofing. But compared to career guidance services for youth, services for adults receive relatively little policy attention, and little is known of how often existing services are used. This report scopes out initiatives in the area of career guidance for adults in OECD countries, drawing lessons on how to strengthen adult career guidance systems in terms of coverage and inclusiveness, provision and service delivery, quality and impact, and governance and funding. The findings of the report build on the information collected through the 2020 Survey of Career Guidance for Adults (SCGA), an online survey of adults’ experience with career guidance.

Thailand has had a remarkable economic development trajectory over the past 60 years and foreign direct investment (FDI) has been pivotal in this success. Thailand was one of the first movers in opening up to manufacturing FDI and in establishing proactive investment promotion and facilitation policies. While challenges remain in some areas of responsible business conduct, there is strong political will to address them. Thailand aspires to become a high income economy by 2037 by upgrading to a value based green economy. Inward FDI will play a prominent role in achieving this goal but this requires a concerted effort to reform the investment climate to remain an attractive host to foreign investment and to benefit to the full extent from that investment. While the COVID-19 crisis might temporarily delay progress, the policy recommendations in this review draw attention to potential reform priorities to help Thailand fulfil its development ambitions aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals and to contribute to a more inclusive and sustainable recovery from the pandemic.

L’économie allemande est entrée dans une profonde récession en 2020 à cause de la pandémie de coronavirus. La réaction énergique du gouvernement a permis de renforcer les capacités du système de santé tout en protégeant les emplois et les entreprises. Les réponses à la crise ont consisté notamment à accroître les investissements pour faire face aux enjeux structurels découlant de la transition énergétique et de la transformation numérique. Des investissements publics plus poussés s’imposent pour rattraper les retards en matière d'infrastructures, et il faut prendre parallèlement des mesures pour venir à bout des goulets d’étranglement dans leur livraison. La tarification des émissions dans le transport et le chauffage contribuera à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, mais d'autres mesures seront nécessaires pour atteindre les objectifs. Les autorités allemandes ont bien progressé dans la résolution de certains obstacles à la transformation numérique, mais peuvent faire encore davantage pour que ses avantages puissent être pleinement exploités. Réduire les blocages au niveau des taux de raccordement à l’internet, développer les incitations à investir dans le capital intellectuel et soutenir la dynamique des entreprises pendant la reprise en diminuant les formalités administratives, en facilitant l’accès aux sources de financement et en accélérant l’arrivée de l'administration numérique sont autant de mesures qui peuvent favoriser la diffusion des technologies et la productivité. Afin de donner à chacun les moyens de réussir dans des environnements numériques, il faudrait enseigner plus précocement la pensée computationnelle et développer la formation des enseignants pour garantir une utilisation efficace des technologies numériques dans les établissements scolaires.

Ce rapport est une mise à jour des chiffres de 2018 par rapport à la publication précédente Financement Climatique Fourni et Mobilisé par les Pays Développés en 2013-17. Il donne un aperçu de l'évolution des quatre composantes suivantes du financement climatique sur la période 2013-2018 : les financements climatiques publics bilatéraux, les financements climatiques multilatéraux (attribués aux pays développés), les crédits à l'exportation liés au climat, et les financements privés mobilisés par les financement publics des pays développés. S'appuyant sur les travaux antérieurs, le rapport approfondit l'analyse en fournissant non seulement des chiffres agrégés, mais également une ventilation supplémentaire en termes de bénéficiaires et de caractéristiques des financements climatiques.

Coal 2020 highlights recent global and regional trends in coal demand, supply and trade, and an outlook to 2025. The extraordinary circumstances in 2020 impacted coal markets and lend uncertainty to how they will be tailored in a post-Covid-19 economic recovery. Therefore, Coal 2020 spotlights developments in 2020 and expected conditions in 2021. It also provides an analysis of the evolution of coal supply costs, prices and investment in mining projects. China – the world’s largest coal producer and importer as well as consumer of more than half of global coal – is highlighted. In addition, Coal 2020 includes forecasts of coal demand, production and trade by region and coal grade, and a compilation of coal mining projects in the main exporting countries in its annexes. Coal 2020 is an integral component of the International Energy Agency’s annual market report series that also includes oil, natural gas, renewables, electricity and energy efficiency.

The importance of having access to care options and being able to finance this has been laid bare through the experience of the COVID-19 health emergency. While most countries have public options for long-term care and health care, these are not always comprehensive and may not support the needs of the community. Having long-term and health care options that are affordable are important public policy considerations, especially when ageing is affecting many OECD countries and morbidity is impacting health outcomes. Private insurance can extend care options, and provide additional services that may not always be available through the public sector. However, insurance is not uniformly offered across countries, especially given the differences in the public system, and the manner in which it is made available will differ as well.This report examines selected countries that have characteristics in their long-term care and/or healthcare system, which may facilitate the use of private insurance to support the provision of public health and long-term care services.

This publication presents the findings of the OECD review of SME and Entrepreneurship Policy in Viet Nam. It offers an in-depth examination of the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and entrepreneurship in Viet Nam, the quality of the business environment, and national policies in support of new and small businesses. The report shows that Viet Nam is one of the most globally integrated economies in the world, building its solid growth performance on the attraction of foreign direct investments and export promotion. Viet Nam’s business environment has considerably improved in recent years, although important reforms are still needed in certain policy areas. Viet Nam's SMEs contribute to national employment and national GDP proportionally less than in the OECD area, although official statistics do not take into consideration the large informal sector that mostly consists of self-employed people and micro-enterprises. Viet Nam’s SME and entrepreneurship policies are relatively new, dating back to the early 2000s. In this respect, the 2018 SME Support Law is an important milestone which may help address some of the challenges that are holding back the development of a more vigorous domestic enterprise sector. Key policy priorities in this regard, building better business linkages between multinationals and local enterprises and stronger business development services, are the subjects of two thematic chapters of the report.

Ensuring a level playing field between public and private market participants bring more choice, higher quality and lower prices for consumers leading to economic growth and development on the long run. This review analyses issues of competitive neutrality in the small-package delivery services sector in Brunei Darussalam, offering policy recommendations where changes could be made to foster competition in the sector and contribute to e-commerce growth by levelling the playing field between public and private companies.

This report outlines key aspects of the current state of international enforcement co-operation between competition authorities. It builds on a 2012 survey by the two organisations that resulted in two separate reports, one from the OECD and one from the ICN. The report contains a description of the drivers of international enforcement co-operation, a high-level review of main OECD and ICN initiatives to support international enforcement co-operation, the results and analysis of the survey conducted of OECD and ICN members in 2019 and comparisons with the 2012 survey results. More materials at https://www.oecd.org/competition/oecd-icn-report-on-international-cooperation-in-competition-enforcement-2021.htm.

In a context of considerable interest in apprenticeship in recent years, Cedefop and the OECD decided to explore its future from the perspective of a number of megatrends, including sociodemographic changes, the accelerated adoption of emerging technologies and new forms of work organisation. They also considered how these trends have affected, and will continue to affect, the design and delivery of apprenticeship in European and OECD countries. The combination of the emerging economic crisis as an aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic, together with long-term structural trends affecting global economies, will entail a profound transformation of the world of work and require effective policy responses in the years to come. This publication provides insights from 16 papers by researchers from Europe, Australia and the United States; nine were presented and discussed among policy-makers, practitioners and researchers during the joint Cedefop-OECD symposium on the future of apprenticeship held in October 2019 in Paris. Evidence and analysis in these papers will help inform political decisions shaping the future of apprenticeship.

This report provides Thailand with an assessment and a series of recommendations based on the most recent reforms and looks at regulatory governance and oversight, as well as the deployment of good regulatory practices and management tools. The recommendations present short- and medium-term actions that the Office of the Council of State can take to strengthen implementation of the reforms, and establish the long-term evolution of the system.

Berdasarkan pencapaian sejak Kajian Kebijakan Investasi OECD Indonesia pertama satu dekade lalu, Kajian Kedua ini menyajikan penilaian iklim investasi di Indonesia untuk mendukung pemerintah dalam upaya reformasi yang sedang berlangsung. Kajian Ini mengidentifikasi tantangan dan peluang, serta rekomendasi untuk meningkatkan daya saing, mendukung pertumbuhan, dan memastikan hasil investasi dirasakan secara merata dan berkelanjutan terhadap lingkungan. Kajian ini sangat menekankan pada langkah-langkah untuk membangun iklim investasi yang sehat, transparan, dan bertanggung jawab guna mendukung pemulihan ekonomi yang tangguh selepas pandemi COVID-19.

L'importance de la diffusion numérique de l'éducation financière croît parallèlement à la numérisation de nos sociétés et de nos économies. Les individus utilisent de plus en plus la technologie numérique dans leur vie et s'attendent à des niveaux plus élevés de personnalisation et à un accès plus facile au contenu. La numérisation permet potentiellement aux autorités publiques d'atteindre des publics plus larges et d'accroître l'impact de leurs programmes et politiques d'éducation financière. Les mesures mises en œuvre pour contenir la pandémie de COVID-19 ont rendu le rôle des outils numériques encore plus pertinent - et souvent nécessaire - pour aider à garantir que tous les publics cibles, en particulier ceux qui sont les plus touchés par les conséquences économiques de la crise, aient accès aux ressources d'éducation financière. Il est aujourd'hui plus important que jamais de s'assurer que l'utilisation innovante des technologies numériques dans le domaine de l'éducation financière contribue effectivement à accroître la résilience financière et le bien-être, et que les gouvernements conçoivent et mettent en œuvre des initiatives efficaces en matière d'éducation financière numérique. Ce rapport, qui s'appuie sur plus de 70 études de cas réalisées par les membres du Réseau international de l'OCDE sur l'éducation financière, contribue à une meilleure compréhension de la manière dont les pouvoirs publics du monde entier conçoivent, mettent en œuvre et évaluent les initiatives d'éducation financière numérique, et prépare les travaux à venir sur l'élaboration d'orientations internationales de haut niveau sur la mise en œuvre de l'éducation financière numérique.

The importance of the digital delivery of financial education is growing in parallel with the digitalisation of our societies and economies. Individuals increasingly make use of digital technology in their lives and expect higher levels of personalisation and easier access to content. Digitalisation is potentially enabling public authorities to reach wider audiences and increase the impact of their financial literacy programmes and policies. The measures implemented to contain the COVID-19 pandemic have made the role played by digital tools even more relevant - and often necessary - to help ensure that all target audiences, in particular those most affected by the economic consequences of the crisis, have access to financial literacy resources. It is now more important than ever to ensure that the innovative use of digital technologies in the field of financial education effectively contributes to increasing financial resilience and well-being, and that governments design and implement effective digital financial education initiatives. This report, building on over 70 case studies from members of the OECD International Network on Financial Education, contributes to a better understanding of how public authorities worldwide are designing, delivering and evaluating digital financial education initiatives, and prepares forthcoming work on the development of high-level international guidance on the digital delivery of financial education.