Browse by: "E"
Index
Title Index
Year Index
Agricultural policies are dominated by broad measures such as market price support and general payments to all land, animals or farmers. As a result, it is often difficult to associate a particular policy with any specific objective. Recognising the challenge facing policy makers who wish to design more precisely targeted policies, this study defines the operational characteristics of targeted policies and illustrates best practice with concrete examples. The relationship between target variables and objectives is explored and practical ways to define targets or actions are also examined.
Teachers are the most important resource in today’s schools. In every country, teachers’ salaries and training represent the greatest share of expenditure in education. And this investment in teachers can have significant returns: research shows that being taught by the best teachers can make a real difference in the learning and life outcomes of otherwise similar students. Teachers, in other words, are not interchangeable workers in some sort of industrial assembly line; individual teachers can change lives – and better teachers are crucial to improving the education that schools provide. Improving the effectiveness, efficiency and equity of schooling depends, in large measure, on ensuring that competent people want to work as teachers, that their teaching is of high quality and that high-quality teaching is provided to all students. This report, building on data from the Indicators of Education Systems (INES) programme, the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) and the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), explores three teacher-policy questions: How do the best-performing countries select, develop, evaluate and compensate teachers? How does teacher sorting across schools affect the equity of education systems? And how can countries attract and retain talented men and women to teaching?
Many companies and other large employers have put in place initiatives to address the traffic-related nuisances generated by their activities and, in particular, the traffic generated by their workers and customers. Such Corporate Mobility Management (CMM) initiatives are the focus of this report which investigates the success factors in individual best practice cases at the company level as well as the roles, if any, public authorities can play in facilitating the uptake of CMM. The report provides guidance to governments on effective strategies for addressing and mitigating the traffic generated by commuter and customer travel.
This report provides a framework for making reliable comparisons of the efficiency of rail systems. Efficiency is of concern to all governments but measuring it for railways is challenging. This is because of the complexity of providing rail services and the diversity of business models adopted to deliver them. Restructuring of the sector in many countries makes trends in costs and efficiency particularly difficult to track. There are also trade-offs to be made in how detailed the analysis needs to be and the availability of consistent data over time. The report proposes a balanced scorecard for characterising performance.
A future with net zero emissions requires scaling up improvements in energy efficiency, electrification of end uses and renewable energy generation. For the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), a growing population and rising standards of living will massively increase future energy demand. Mitigating growing electricity demand and integrating renewable energy into electricity generation will therefore be paramount for the region’s clean energy transition and avoid lock-in of additional fossil fuel generation. The intermittent nature of variable renewable energy and increasing deployment of distributed energy resources are putting additional pressure on existing grids. In response to these challenges, this report explores the opportunities and challenges for efficient grid-interactive buildings in the ASEAN region.
Such buildings are becoming a crucial element for the global ambition to attain net zero emissions, as they can combine enhanced energy efficiency, advanced smart digital technologies and decarbonised electricity generation. This integration creates the potential for buildings to shift from energy-intensive consumers to low-carbon prosumers, empowered by digital technologies that can offer flexibility benefits to the electricity grids. With the ability to produce, consume, store, sell and buy energy, buildings become active participants in the building-to-grid ecosystem.
Drawing on relevant international trends and best practices, the current report lays out an analytical framework to assess a variety of factors that can enable a building to become energy efficient and grid-interactive. The framework is used to analyse the current situation in countries of the ASEAN region. The report provides policy-oriented recommendations and guidelines tailored to different stages of the process for adopting efficient grid-interactive solutions in buildings. These recommendations can support ASEAN policy makers in their policy development to create an energy-efficient and grid-interactive built environment, contributing to a cleaner and more sustainable energy future.
How do taxes and charges for transport in, for example, France compare with those in Germany? Do hauliers in one country pay more than in the other, and what impact does this have on the profitability of haulage in each country? Is the impact of an increase in tax on diesel the same in each country or are differences in the taxation of labour more significant? Do these differences distort the international haulage market? This book provides a framework for international comparisons and discusses the economic principles for efficient systems of taxation. The work provides a basis for addressing the questions "what is the right level for transport taxes" and "what kinds of charges should be used".
Pollution, accidents and congestion all cause unnecessary welfare losses, and while transport services are an essential component of economic and social development, their negative side effects are drawing increasing political attention. Internalisation aims to create incentives to reduce these external costs by factoring them into markets. This report summarises the theoretical and practical dimensions to internalisation; reviews recent estimates of external costs; explores the mix of policies that might be used to promote internalisation successfully; and estimates the size of incentives required in monetary terms.
How will the introduction of electricity market competition affect power generation and transmission technology? Which technologies are most likely to receive a push from competitive markets? These are the questions examined in this review, which considers a wide range of options in both generation and transmission. Competition strengthens the search for the most cost-effective technologies. All electricity generation technologies are affected: those for existing and new plants as well as those for improving capital and operating efficiency. In existing plants, reliability, life extension, operating flexibility and demand-side technology are some of the major factors of change. In new plants, gas turbines are set to continue their growth, but there is still a place for conventional steam and other power plants. New government policies for technology support and environmental protection also have a role in evolving technological choices when competition is introduced.
This energy technology roadmap focuses on electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles (EV/PHEV), presenting for the first time a detailed scenario for their evolution from annual production of a few thousand to over 100 million vehicles by 2050. It finds that the next decade is a key “make or break” period for EVs and PHEVs: governments, the automobile industry, electric utilities and other stakeholders must work together to roll out vehicles and infrastructure in a coordinated fashion, and ensure that the rapidly growing consumer market is ready to purchase them. The roadmap concludes with a set of near-term actions to achieve the roadmap’s vision.
This volume contains comprehensive information on the OECD electricity sector. There are over 700 pages on production, consumption, prices and trade in electricity. The report also contains coverage of heat production for OECD countries. The statistics cover the 30 OECD countries, providing data for selected years.
Part I provides a detailed summary of the electricity and heat sectors, including production, installed capacity, consumption, electricity trade and prices for electricity and input fuels. These data are presented in a tabular format that permits easy analysis and comparison. Part I also provides a summary of gross electricity and heat production by country in non-OECD countries, including a breakout of electricity and heat production by combustible fuels. Part II contains electricity data for each of the 30 OECD countries, and for eight OECD and IEA regional aggregates for selected years. It also contains projections for most of the OECD countries up to 2020. Each country section presents up to 21 tables containing a comprehensive statistical database on energy consumption, economic and population growth, electricity production and consumption, heat production, electricity imports and exports, sectoral energy and electricity consumption and prices for electricity and electricity input fuels. These data are official country data and projections reported each year to the IEA.
This volume contains comprehensive information on the OECD electricity sector. There are over 700 pages on production, consumption, prices and trade in electricity. The report also contains coverage of heat production for OECD countries. The statistics cover 30 OECD countries, providing data for selected years.
Part I provides a detailed summary of the electricity and heat sectors, including production, installed capacity, consumption, electricity trade and prices for electricity and input fuels. These data are presented in a tabular format that permits easy analysis and comparison. Part I also provides a summary of gross electricity and heat production by country in non-OECD countries, including a breakdown of electricity and heat production by combustible fuels. Part II contains electricity data for each of the 30 OECD countries, and for eight OECD and IEA regional aggregates for selected years. It also contains projections for most of the OECD countries up to 2020. Each country section presents up to 21 tables containing a comprehensive statistical database on energy consumption, economic and population growth, electricity production and consumption, heat production, electricity imports and exports, sectoral energy and electricity consumption and prices for electricity and electricity input fuels. These data are official country data and projections reported each year to the IEA.
This volume contains comprehensive information on the OECD electricity sector. There are over 600 pages on production, consumption, prices and trade in electricity. The report also contains coverage of heat production for OECD countries. The statistics cover 30 OECD countries, providing data for selected years.
Part I provides a detailed summary of the electricity and heat sectors, including production, installed capacity, consumption, electricity trade and prices for electricity and input fuels. These data are presented in a tabular format that permits easy analysis and comparison. Part I also provides a summary of gross electricity and heat production by country in non-OECD countries, including a breakdown of electricity and heat production by combustible fuels.
Part II contains electricity data for each of the 30 OECD countries, and for eight OECD and IEA regional aggregates for selected years. Each country section presents tables containing a comprehensive statistical database on energy consumption, economic and population growth, electricity production and consumption, heat production, electricity imports and exports, sectoral energy and electricity consumption and prices for electricity and electricity input fuels. These data are official country data reported each year to the IEA.
Part I provides a detailed summary of the electricity and heat sectors, including production, installed capacity, consumption, electricity trade and prices for electricity and input fuels. Part I also provides a summary of gross electricity and heat production by country in non-OECD countries, including a breakdown of electricity and heat production by combustible fuels.
Part II contains electricity data for each of the 30 OECD countries, and for eight OECD and IEA regional aggregates for selected years. Each country section presents tables containing a comprehensive statistical database on energy consumption, economic and population growth, electricity production and consumption, heat production, electricity imports and exports, sectoral energy and electricity consumption and prices for electricity and electricity input fuels.
This volume contains comprehensive information on electricity and heat production for OECD and non-OECD countries. Part I provides cross-country summary tables showing production, installed capacity, consumption, electricity trade, and prices for electricity and input fuels. Part II contains more detailed tables for each of the 30 OECD countries and regions showing energy consumption, economic and population growth, electricity production and consumption, heat production, electricity imports and exports, sectoral energy and electricity consumption and prices for electricity and electricity input fuels.
IEA Electricity Information 2006 brings together in one volume the latest basic statistics compiled by the IEA on electricity and heat production. It also includes information on installed capacity, consumption, trade and prices. Part I of the publication provides a statistical overview of developments in the markets for electricity and heat in the OECD 30 Member countries, as well as input fuel prices, end-user electricity prices in US dollars and corresponding exchange rates used. Part I also includes some non-OECD countries’ statistics on electricity production, imports and exports and heat production. Part II provides, in tabular form, a more detailed and comprehensive picture of the power and heat industry developments for 30 individual OECD Member countries.
Electricity Information provides a comprehensive review of historical and current market trends in the OECD electricity sector, including 2007 preliminary data. Part I of the publication provides an overview of the world electricity developments in 2006, covering world electricity and heat production, input fuel mix, supply and consumption, and electricity imports and exports. Part II of the publication provides a corresponding statistical overview of developments in the world and OECD electricity and heat market, as well as monthly OECD production and trade in electricity data for 2006 and 2007. Part III provides, in tabular form, detailed and comprehensive statistical coverage of the power and heat industry developments for each of the 30 OECD member countries and for OECD and IEA regional aggregates.